The Age of Exploration: The First Global Age (1500-1800)

1. AGE OF EXPLORATIONThe First Global Age1500-1800

2. Intro: When the Black Death ended, the population of Europe increased again, The growing population wanted Asian Goods, particularly SPICES (used to keep foods from spoiling, to make medicines and perfumes). During the 1400s, Muslim & Italian merchants controlled the trade routes between Asia and Europe. Europeans knew direct trade w/Asia would make them rich. . . . So, they began to look for new routes to Asia.

3. Essential Questions: Analyze the causes of European expansion from 1450 to 1750. Explain the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas, Africa, & Europe. Explain the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa and the Americas. Explain how the Inca and Aztec empires were impacted by European exploration/colonization.

5. What were the motives for exploration? Three motives for exploration: gold – opportunities for riches God – religious zeal glory – spirit of adventure

6. What technology made exploration possible? • Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century • Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales -- Work better with cross winds • Navigational instruments: astrolabe, cartographers, magnetic compass • Knowledge of winds, currents • The Volta do Mar • “return through the sea”

7. Voyages to the Americas • The Portuguese were the first successful European explorers. Who was the most important figure in the History of Spanish Exploration? • Christopher Columbus sails the Atlantic Ocean in August 3, 1492 and lands in Hispañola (an island in the Caribbean Sea) in October 12, 1492. • Others: Ferdinand Magellan, John Cabot, Francisco Pizarro, Vasco de Gama

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9. A line of demarcation Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal (east of the line) and Spain (west of the line)

10. Why did Spanish explorers travel to the Americas? Spanish explorers traveled to the Americas to: - find riches - to convert people to Christianity

11. The Spanish conquer Mexico Hernan Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519 -- in 1521, Cortes conquers Tenochtitlan • . . . With about 600 men, 16 horses, 6 canons and with the help of “la Malinche”

13. How did the Spanish conquer the Aztecs? 1- Superior technology; horses; Spanish muskets & canons; metal helmets & armor protected the Spanish from the Indians’ arrows & spears 2 – Native Americans allied w/the Spanish 3 – Disease wiped out the Indian population

14. Effects of European Exploration How did European exploration lead to a global exchange? What economic changes occurred in Europe in 1500-1600s? A global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology began. Since this exchange started w/Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.

17. From the Americas TO Europe, Africa, Asia: • silver, gold • dyes • tobacco • cotton • beans • peanut • squash • pumpkin • turkey • vanilla • hides • potatoes* (Peru) • sweet potato • Cacao beans • maize (corn) • tomato • pineapple • chili pepper • avocado

18. From Europe, Africa, Asia TO the Americas : • wheat, rice, barley, oats, coffee • banana • onion • grape (wine) • dandelion • citrus fruits • sugar cane • cattle, horse, goat, sheep, chicken, cat, dog, goose, rabbit, pig • honey bee • smallpox, influenza, malaria, measles • hoe, scissors

19. Economic Impact and Competion The increase of trade w/colonies encouraged European capitalism: -- investment of $$$ * European nations adopted a new policy: mercantilism: dominated economic thought in the 17th century; the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver – mother country benefited from the colonies’ $; colonies were used to support mother country w/ raw materials & to buy its goods

20. European trading posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700

21. The Spice Trade Why were Europeans and Muslims traders so interested in Southeast Asia? * the growing spice trade resulted in the creation of an Islamic trade network *the Moluccas -- Spice Islands * 1600 – the Dutch begins to control the spice trade by limiting the cultivation of clove to one island and stop others from growing it * spices: clove, pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg

22. From Mining to Plantation Agriculture • Tainos occasionally rebel, but outgunned by Spanish military technology • Smallpox epidemics begin 1518 • Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further • Taino society disappears by middle of 16th century • Limited gold production causes new interest in exploiting Caribbean for sugarcane production *** Requires massive importation of slaves: The Slave Trade

23. The Triangular Trade Page 416 * The triangular trade marked the emergence of a new world economy (connected Europe, Africa, the Americas; manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe)

26. African slaves were shipped to Brazil and the Caribbean to work on the plantations (sugar plantations) The journey of slaves from Africa to America was called the “middle passage” (the middle portion of the triangular trade) Atlantic slave trade caused many cultures in Africa to lose their fittest members and families were torn apart.

27. Remaking the Americas • Spanish introduced new forms of gov’t, religion, economy, and culture to the Americas; New social structures developed • Spain kept strict control over their colonies; Catholic Church helped run the gov’t; Indians were converted to Christianity • Encomienda: grants of land given to the Spaniards where Indians were used as slave labor. • Indians were forced to work on sugar plantations since sugarcane became a large business • Spanish brought slaves from Africa to do the work since many Indians were dying

28. Conquest of Peru • Francisco Pizarro and 600 men bring down Inca empire in Peru (1532-1533)

29. Mining in the Spanish Empire • Hunt for gold and silver • Conquistadores loot Aztec, Inca treasures and melt them down for their value as raw precious metals • Gold not extensive in Spanish holdings, but silver relatively plentiful • Extensive employment of natives • Incan mita system of conscripted labor • Dangerous working conditions • Eventually assimilate into Spanish culture • 1/5 reserved for crown (quinta), hugely profitable