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Bell Ringer

Learn about the endocrine system control, hormone regulation, functions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and the role of prostaglandins. Explore the effects of hormone binding on target cells.

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • Which of the following does the endocrine system NOT control: • Body coordination • Mobilizing body defenses against stressors • Maintain electrolyte balance • Regulate cellular metabolism • Growth and development

  2. Bell Ringer • Hormone concentrations in the blood are usually regulated by: • Positive feedback mechanisms • Negative feedback mechanisms • Neurological control • Hypothalmic control • Tropic hormone control

  3. Bell Ringer • Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all of the following EXCEPT: • Diffuse through plasma membranes of target cells • Catalyze cyclic AMP • Enter the nucleus • Bind to receptor proteins in the nucleus • Activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis

  4. Bell Ringer • The pituitary gland is located: • At the brain stem • Within the “Turk’s saddle” of the sphenoid bone • Below the Adam’s apple • Within the mediastinum • Within the temporal lobe

  5. Bell Ringer • The type of endocrine stimulus that involves changing levels of certain blood-borne ions and nutrients is called: • Hormonal stimulus • Humoral stimulus • Cell-mediated stimulus • Neural stimulus • Steroid stimulus

  6. Endocrine System 2

  7. Thyroid Gland

  8. Thyroid Gland • Two lobes joined by isthmus • Follicles produce thyroid hormone (TH) • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) • C-cells produce calcitonin

  9. Thyroid Hormones • Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) • Are produced in the follicular cells • Increase rate at which cells produce ATP from carbs, synthesize proteins and breakdown lipids • These hormones set your BMR – base metabolic rate (number of calories required to maintain life) • TSH from anterior pituitary controls their levels • Follicular cells require iodine to make T4 and T3

  10. Not enough iodine? • Goiter • Follicles make the protein portion of the hormones, but don’t have iodine to complete the project. • Protein accumulates and forms a goiter.

  11. Calcitonin • Synthesized by c-cells in the thyroid • Lowers blood calcium levels and phosphate ion concentrations • Inhibits osteoclasts • Stimulates osteoblasts

  12. Parathyroid Glands • Hidden behind the thyroid gland • Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Increases blood calcium levels.

  13. Something you should look up: • How is the nervous system affected by abnormally low calcium levels in the blood? • How is the nervous system affected by abnormally high calcium levels in the blood? • *HINT* this isn’t about bone density.

  14. Thyroid problems Underactive thyroid = cretinism Hyperthyroidism = Graves Disease

  15. Be sure to look up • Prostaglandins • Which classification of hormone are they? • What are they made of? (lipid, carb, proteins…) • What do some prostaglandins regulate?

  16. And this… • Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells? • Plasma membrane permeability changes • Cellular mutations occur • Enzymes are activated or inactivated • Mitosis is stimulated • Proteins are synthesized in the cell

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