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Cell Function Review

This review covers essential concepts about cells and genetics. All living things are comprised of cells, which can be unicellular (e.g., bacteria) or multicellular (e.g., frogs, trees). Key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes play vital roles. We'll explore the cell theory, genetic material organization, and the process of cell division. Additionally, we will compare sexual and asexual reproduction, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. This knowledge is foundational for appreciating life sciences and the intricate workings of organisms.

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Cell Function Review

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  1. Cell Function Review What you should have learned last year!

  2. All Living Things Are Made of Cells • Unicellular: organisms made of only one cell • Protozoa, Ameba, Bacteria • Multicellular: Organisms made of more than • one cell • -Frogs, Trees, Flowers, & Us!

  3. Plant Cells & Animal Cells

  4. Organelles • Structures that perform cell functions • Endoplasmic Riticulum: transport • Ribosomes: protein • Golgi Bodies: manufacturing • Mitochondria: power house • Cell Membrane: protective covering Nucleus: Contains Genetic Material

  5. Cell Theory 1850’s • Every Living Thing is Made of One or More Cells • Cells Carry Out the Functions Needed to Support Life • Cells Come from Other Living Things

  6. Chapter 3.1: Cell Division;Pg.73 • “I CAN” • Explain How Genetic Material is Organized in Cells Vocabulary: DNA, Chromosomes, Mitosis

  7. I. What is Genetic Material? • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid molecules • Information necessary for cell growth and functions • James Watson & Francis Crick; 1953 • Two Strand Chemical molecule resembles a twisted ladder • Called a double helix

  8. Four Base Pairs Do It All. Each bit of heredity Material (gene) is a series of Thousands or Millions of base pairs.

  9. II. What is a Gene? • Packet or sequence of specific DNA molecules • Instructions that determine what the organism is, what it looks like, how it functions. • Genes determine everything about you • Heredity information or what you inherit from your parents

  10. II. Chromosomes A. DNA “ladder” is organized, coiled and compacted into structures called chromosomes • Chromosomes are found in the cells nucleus • Humans have 23 chromosomes pairs (46) • Containing some 30,000 – 100,000 genes • (packets of information)

  11. Chromosome Formation animation

  12. B. Number of chromosomes is species specific - Humans 23 pairs 46 total -Half from mother & half from father - Donkey’s have 31 pairs - Hedgehog’s have 44 pairs - Fruit Flies have just 4 - Corn has 20 pairs

  13. A male?

  14. III. We All Start As A Single Cell • Mother’s Single Egg Cell (stem cells)Turns into Trillions • Many cells specialize, like skin or muscle • Cell Division is How An organism Grows

  15. B. Mitosis Cell Division • Each cell gets a full set of genetic information • Clone or an exact copy of itself • Skin cells make more skin cells

  16. Everything copies and divides

  17. Section 3.3; Pg. 88Asexual & Sexual Reproduction “I CAN” • Explain How Sexual and Asexual Reproduction (cell division) Compare • Describe advantages & disadvantages Vocabulary: Sexual Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction, Binary Fission, Regeneration

  18. Sexual Reproduction • Definition: The production of a new living organism by two parent organisms, with each parent contributing half of the genetic material of the offspring

  19. Asexual Reproduction • Definition: The production of a new living organism genetically identical to itself without the contribution of genetic material from male and female parents, (Cloning)

  20. Three Types • Binary Fission: Fission means to split. Makes two identical cells (mitosis) Bacteria reproducing

  21. Budding

  22. Regeneration

  23. Disadvantages • Asexual: • A negative mutation can affect survivability • Too many offspring compete for same resources • Unfavorable living conditions can wipe out colony Sexual: - Two parents required - Slower reproductive rates - More complex process than asexual

  24. Advantages • Asexual Reproduction: • Large numbers of individuals quickly • Energy is not required to find a mate • Species can withstand predation better • Sexual Reproduction: • -Genetic Diversity • -Natural Selection can occur • -Increase in ability of organism to adapt

  25. Genetic Diversity

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