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Plant interactions and limitations to growth

Plant interactions and limitations to growth. TULIP POPLAR. VIRGINIA PINE. MESIC SOIL. DRY SOIL. MESIC SOIL. DRY SOIL. GROWING TOGETHER. MESIC SOIL. DRY SOIL. Height. Mesic. Dry. Wet. Modified from Ellenberg, 1963. Niche Theory. Fundamental Niche Realized Niche. Height. Mesic.

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Plant interactions and limitations to growth

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  1. Plant interactions and limitations to growth

  2. TULIP POPLAR VIRGINIA PINE MESIC SOIL DRY SOIL MESIC SOIL DRY SOIL GROWING TOGETHER MESIC SOIL DRY SOIL

  3. Height Mesic Dry Wet

  4. Modified from Ellenberg, 1963

  5. Niche Theory • Fundamental Niche • Realized Niche

  6. Height Mesic Dry Wet

  7. Site Sensitive / Site Insensitive • No tree ‘likes’ a bad site • Where you see a tree is where it reproduced and survived • Many examples of trees in the ‘wrong’ place

  8. Communities • Mutualism • Animals – plants- plants and animals • Competition • Primary model for this course • Facilitation • Focus of much current research

  9. Mutualism • Organisms depend on each other • Communities become a ‘reproducing’ entity • Common in animals • Food pyramid • Plants don’t eat each other

  10. Competition • Survival of the fittest • Gene – environment interaction • Probabilities • Ultimately natural selection

  11. Facilitation • One plant ‘helps’ another with no detriment to itself • Interaction must be close to selective neutral for ‘helper’ • Role of mycorrhizae

  12. Climax theory • Historic role of ‘superorganism’ • No way for natural selection to work • Many examples showing this does not hold • Has greatly (negatively) impacted forest management

  13. Growth Factors • Light • Water • Nutrients • Others?

  14. Photosynthesis • Chlorophyl in the foliage • Chloroplasts • Sun foliage/shade foliage

  15. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 SUNLIGHT Photosynthesis

  16. “Stuff” Energy Photosynthate C6H12O6

  17. C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O (Not balanced) ENERGY Respiration

  18. Light • PAR • Photosynthetical Active Radiation • Sun foliage/ shade foliage • Shade tolerance

  19. Sun foliage Ps Shade foliage 0% 20% LIGHT

  20. Sun foliage Ps Shade foliage 0% 20% LIGHT

  21. Shade Tolerance Shade intolerant Ps Shade tolerant Light

  22. Water • Input • Soil • Stomates

  23. Field Capacity Percent Soil Water Available Water Unavailable Water Heaviness of Texture From Brady, 1974

  24. Precipitation PET AET Water Input

  25. Rainfall Consistent

  26. Hot Cold

  27. Stomatal Behaviour • Internal moisture stress • Drought avoiders • Drought endurers

  28. Nutrients

  29. Law of the Minimum • Growth is limited by whatever factor is most need

  30. Potential Growth Actual Growth Nitrogen

  31. Law of Compensation • The addition of one factor can increase the efficiency that a tree uses another factor

  32. With P Growth Rate Amount of N Law of Compensation

  33. Rule of Efficacy • Diminishing returns Growth Amount of “X”

  34. Nutrient Cycling • Availability • CEC • Weathering • Mineralization • C:N • Nutrient capital • Translocation

  35. Nutrients • Nitrogen fixers • Mycorrhizae

  36. Temperature

  37. Growing Space • Sunlight • Water • Nutrients • Physical space

  38. Total growing space • Available growing space

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