1 / 40

PLANT KINGDOM

PLANT KINGDOM. Dr Afiq bin Aziz Mr Y usmadi bin Yusof Mr Randy anak D araman. Learning outcomes. To differentiate the phylum in plant kingdom. To distinguish features of plants. To know the origin and evolution of land plants.

selah
Télécharger la présentation

PLANT KINGDOM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. PLANT KINGDOM Dr Afiq bin Aziz MrYusmadi bin Yusof Mr Randy anakDaraman

  2. Learning outcomes • To differentiate the phylum in plant kingdom. • To distinguish features of plants. • To know the origin and evolution of land plants. • To learn the characteristics and life cycle of plant kingdom. • To identify the seed producing vascular plants.

  3. Kingdom plantae • Plants are multicellular eukaryote. • Have cell wall made of cellulose. • Chloroplast is the double membrane organelle that act as starch-nutrient reserve. • Evolved from green algae. (480 million years ago) • Exhibit alternation of generation. • Classification based on their transport tissue, seeds, flowers, fruits and molecular evidence.

  4. Classification of plant

  5. 12 phyla of plant

  6. Diversity of bryophytes 1 :- liverwort (liver shaped herb) • 6000 species, vary in size and shape. • Gametophyte has 2 shapes – flat and ribbon like. • Reproduce asexually with gammae cup and detached gammae grow into new plants. • Sexual reproduction – swimming sperm fertilize eggs produced by female gametophyte. • Resulting sporophyte generation includes a spore containing capsule attached to the gametophyte.

  7. 2 :- hornworts (horn shaped herb) 100 species, sporophyte are horn like and below it flat gametophyte. • Unlike archegonia of the other bryophyte, hornwort archegonia is not discrete, it embedded in the small, rosette like gametophyte. • Unlike most land plants but many green algae, hornwort cells have only one chloroplast each. (a clue for their aquatic habitat).

  8. 3 :- Mosses • Most familiar bryophytes. • Live in diverse habitats and often grow alongside flowering plants. • Gametophyte resemble leaves but only one cell layer thick. • Brown/green moss sporophyte does not resemble the gametophyte. • Uses: stuff furniture, condition soil, absorb oil spills, damp cushion and plants for shipment.

  9. Janganmengantuklagi….Banyaklagi yang menarik..TUNGGU!!

  10. Pteridophyta Sporophytes: • Organs: roots, stem (rhizome or erect stem), frond (stipe, rachis, lamina) • Sporesbearing sporangium produced by lamina (sporophyll) or leaf axils • Sporophylls (fertile lamina)  cone (strobilus), sporocarp or spike • Spores  Sporangium  aggregates into sorus(plural - sori)orsynangium(compound unit) • Sporangium: Eusporangiate (multi cells initial) andLeptosporangiate(single cell initial  advance) • Inducium: sporangial protector (parts of modified lamina or specific tissues). Types: true inducium and false inducium

  11. Some organs covered by hairs on their surface. Colour, structure and sizes variable. • Frond: pinnate, bi/tri/quadripinnate, pinnatifid/ bipinatifid • Spores: homosporusor heterosporus(megaspores & microspores) • Young fronds coiled crozier, reddish, rosette Habitat and distribution: • Terrestrial (open/shaded), epiphytes, climbers, sandy coast, mangroves, pond, wild (open areas/forest/urban), cultivated

  12. Classification: A. Fern Allies 1. Div. Psilophyta - green aerial shoots (chladophylls) and pale underground branch (rhizomes) - leaf, size reduced, small (scale), no clear function - rhizomes, symbiosis with mychorrizal fungi - primitive vascular system - terrestrial, epiphytes from lowland to 1000 m ASL - spores born in triplet sporangium (synangium), homospores Examples: Psilotumnudum (terrestrial), P. complanatum (epiphytes)

  13. 2. Div. Microphyllophyta Fam: Lycopodiaceae and Fam: Selaginellaceae • Creepers, epiphytes (pendulum) • Leaves small (microphylls), arrangement spiral or in pair - sporangia born in cone (strobilus) at branch’s apex Examples: Lycopodium sp. (terrestrial, epihytes, 6 species) and Selaginella(terrestrial, 74 species)

  14. MEH TENGOK POKOK MICROPHYLLOPHYTA

  15. Microphyllophyta

  16. 3. Div. Arthrophyta • Sporophytes erect, fertile and sterile on different branches • Stem differentiated: nodes & internodes. Nodes covered by small, scale-like leaves united laterally to form brown sheath • In ponds, marshes, damp shaded forest floor • 1 species in Malaysia: Equisetum debile

  17. Arthrophyta

  18. Div. 4 Pter(id)ophyta (True ferns) • Fronds prominent with stipe, rachis, lamina • Sporophytes and sporulation: Variable in shapes and sizes  classification • Malaysia: 31 families with > 1000 species • Habitat (some examples): - Sandy coast, mangroves: Acrostichum - Cultivated: Asplenium, Platycerium, Nephrolepis - Urban, plantation: Drynaria, Davalia, Ophioglossum, Drymoglossum - Pond, paddy field: Azolla, Ceratopteris, Salvinia, Marsilea

  19. True fern: i. Eusporangiate: Sporangium produced by epidermal and mesophyll tissues of sporophyll. This is one of the characteristic of primitives fern group. Example: Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae ii. Leptosporangiate: Sporangial born from epidermal cells only. Many modern fern produced sporangium of this kind.

  20. True fern

  21. Tumpanglalukaknak pi tengokapaitupokokCycadophyta

  22. Cycadophyta • eg.: Cycusrumphii (bogak, sikad) , C. revoluta, Encephalartos, Zamia (introduced). • Habitat: shrub, tree, palms like • Un-branched stem • Circinate (rolled young leaf)  characteristics of ferns. • Frond pinnate  crown roset at the apical stem • Dioecious • Microsporophyll compact strobilus at apical stem • Megasporophyll loose strobilus at the axils of the crown

  23. Coniferophyta • Evergreen plants • Distribution  temperate • Shrub, tree, branch stem • Produced resin • Leaf needle shape  temperate • Leaf with lamina  tropical (Agathis, damar) • Diesious or monoesious-unisex • Seed winged with 2 or > cotyledon • Eg.: Podocarpus and Agathis (damar) locals, Araucaria & Pinus(introduced)

  24. Gnetophyta • Eg.: Gnetum, melinjau • Tree (1 sp. Cultivated  G. gnemon and 9 sp. climbers in the forest • Modern or advance Gymnosperms • Without resin vessels • Leaf, pinat or simple, reticulate veins • Woody stem (as in dikot) • Strobilus unisex or dwisex (♀ reduced) • Embrio with 2 cotyledon

  25. Tunggu sat nakterangpasalGinkgophytani!!!

  26. Ginkgophyta • eg.: G. biloba The only species alive • Distribution: China, Japan and Taiwan  shade plant and commercial  export seed • Trees, dioecious • Megasporophyll 2 ovules • Microsporophyll  strobilus

  27. Characteristic Features of Angiosperms • Angiosperms (Gr., angios = vessel or receptacle; sperma = seed). • The ovules always borne in the closed sporophyll – carpel. • Flowers – an arrangement of micro and megasporophylls – can be uni/bisexual. • Pollen grains received on the stigma of carpal • Fertilisation takes place by development of pollen tubes. • Seed or seeds remain enclosed in the ripened ovary – fruit. • Double fertilisation/fusion – characteristic of the angiosperms

  28. Angiosperms form the largest group in plant kingdom – 300 fam, 8000 genera and 300,000 species. • Highest evolved plant on earth • Found almost everywhere, in each possible habitat and climate • Deep lakes to the highest peak of mountains • E.g. Opuntia(Cactaceae) can survive in the hottest desert. • Rhizophora – mangrove vegetation thrive in the muddy area near the sea. • Epiphytes, parasites, saprophytes, symbionts and even insectivorous plants. • Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, and lianas. • From the minutes (Wolfiamicroscopica) to the biggest tree – 300 ft in height (Sequia).

  29. ANGIOSPERMAE • Vegetative body: leaf, stem and root • Organs  modified: i. Flower (flos) and fruit (fructus)  from apical or axillary shoot ii. Spines, thorns (spina)  from stipule or shoot iii Tendrils (cirrhus) leaf, shoot or branch iv. Tubers, rhizomes (rhizoma), bulb (bulbus) etc.  stem • Other accessory (appendage): a. Hair (pilus) b. Scale (lepis) c. Lenticels (lenticulus)

  30. Maknaktanyastrukturbungamacammana?

  31. FLOWER STRUCTURE

  32. Dicotyledons One cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons (seed leaves) • Monocotyledons Leaves parallel-veined Leaves with reticulate (net) venation  Vascular bundles in a ring Scattered vascular bundles Flower parts in 3's or multiples of 3 Flower parts not in multiples of 3

  33. Dicotyledons Secondary growth - trees • Monocotyledons No true secondary growth - generally herbs Adventitious roots Primary and adventitious roots

  34. THANK YOU

More Related