Revolutions

1. Revolutions “Q” What is Revolution?

2. Revolution is a complete change. • This change does not have to be violent, although some Revolution’s are. • Not all change is positive, although some Revolutions were. • There have been many revolutions throughout the course of history, which have drastically altered the way in which society functions.

3. Revolutions can be political, economic and/or social. All revolutions have several things in common. • 1. the old system was not working. • 2. people found what they thought were “better” or “easier” ways to do things. • 3.

4. All of them began because the existing gov’t. could not meet the social or economic needs of the people. As a result the people demanded a change. • Successful revolutions do not need the support of a majority of the people. In fact, most succeeded with only a minority of the people calling for the change. • Most of the revolutions did not produce the outcomes that were promised; in fact only a minority have.

6. The Neolithic (or "New" Stone Age) • This is considered the beginning of civilization throughout the world. During this revolution man created the tools and weapons which allowed him to finally settle down in one spot. It is as a result of this revolution that the Ancient Civilizations began

10. A surplus of food was created; man no longer had to hunt and gather; as a result permanent settlements were built. The ability to control fire developed. Domestication of animals allowed their use as laborers, food and protection. Tools and weapons made work easier; the wheel and the plow were two examples. Specialization of labor created a diversity of laborers “Q” What were the results of the Neolithic revolution? As surpluses increased so did trade; a result was increased contact with other people Population increased because people lived longer healthier lives. “Q” What were the Achievements of the Neolithic Revolution?

11. Material possessions such as farms, tools, food, clothes, and pottery were all highly valued Populations started to grow. Women started to have more children since it was no longer a burden to carry them. The general health of the public seemed to decline humans started to have cavities from the new introduction to carbohydrates Epidemics such as malaria, TB, and typhoid arose and started to spread and kill more people since groups of people were sedentary and larger the lifespan, of both men and women, decreased The biggest mortality factor in women was childbirth. In men, the greatest cause of death was warfare

12. A new type of political structure had to be established. Society went from a small, informal society to a large, impersonal hierarchy • Military and religious leaders were given authority over the group • Distinctions in social class began to arise based on the value of material goods. Property was based on private wealth, not on the wealth of the group • Women stayed home with their children, while men went out and plowed the fields or did other tasks • Complex institutions developed such as governments and religions. These helped to impose rules and regulations to control urban society.

13. The Rise of Civilization • A civilization is compiled of eight features. • 1. Cities • 2. Well-Organized Central Government • 3. Complex Religions • 4. Job Specialization • 5. Social Classes • 6. Arts and Architecture • 7. Public Works • 8. Writings

14. The Commercial Revolution • The commercial revolution has a long history. It was born during the latter Middle Ages and continued well into the Age of Exploration. • In reality the “revolution” has yet to end. This revolution has been responsible for dramatic changes that have transformed society from an agricultural to an industrial society. • “Q” What are the causes of the Commercial Revolution? • 1. The growth of towns: there are several explanation for the growth of these towns • They were born as a result of merchants and traders gravitating toward the forts, which were favorable due to the large number of people there. (The word suburb means in the shelter of the walls)

15. The great Cathedrals and Monasteries drew large numbers of foreigners and as a result also drew merchants and traders who tried to cater to their needs. • The Crusades (Holy Wars started by Pope Urban II in 1095 Ad when he ordered the capture of the Holy Land for the Catholic Church) began a desire for the goods of the Middle East. This resulted in many people moving to coastal towns looking for economic opportunities as a result of trade • The Bubonic Plague (black death) killed 25%-40% of Europe’s population. The disease resulted from the horrible living conditions. This left greater opportunities than ever before for those that survived. New unions, Guilds, were formed to limit the competition, which afforded people and opportunity for a better living.

16. 4. The Growth of Capitalism: International trade was responsible for many changes within the economy. • Letters of Credit were used to prevent the shipment of large quantities of money across dangerous routes. • The Banking Industry grew as people looked to invest in new business opportunities. • Trade Leagues (associations of towns) were formed to compete with the large entrepreneurs.

17. “Q” What were the results of the Commercial Revolution? • 1. Bourgeoisie: A new class of business people was born. They had a huge impact on the Monarchs of Europe. Many new cities now began to develop. As a result of these new cities the taxes that were collected helped to consolidate political power in the hands of a few wealthy families. (The Medici’s of Florence or the Fuggers of Germany) • 2. New Businesses: The birth of joint-stock companies, banks and insurance companies helped to transform society. • 3. Universities: Throughout Europe many new universities turned out trained leaders, which helped to transform society.

18. 4. The Age of Exploration: began as a way to end the monopoly the Italians had with the Middle East. Spain and Portugal set out to find the all water route to India so they could break the hold the Italians had on trade. Eventually the French, English and the Dutch also got involved • 5. Mercantilism: An economic theory that was developed during the Age of Exploration. This theory was based on: • Acquiring colonies (colonialism) to obtain cheap resources, market places, and laborers. • Developing a favorable balance of trade (exporting more than you import) to build up the supply of gold in your country. • Believing that the Monarch controlled all business activities for the good of the “state.”

19. 6. The Atlantic Slave Trade: As the Native Americans died from Small Pox, the Europeans needed to replace the workers to keep the plantations going. They began the importation of slaves from Africa to the Americas. Middle Passage

20. The Scientific Revolution • Some say that the changes that took place in science during this period resulted in Western society becoming modern. • As a result of the scientific revolution, humans searched for answers to questions that previously had remained not only unanswered but also unasked. • “Q” What was science like before the Revolution? • Prior to 1500 the universe was still based upon the ideas of Aristotle. People believed that the motionless earth was the center of the universe. Around the planet circled 10 crystal spheres, which contained the sun, moon, the 5 planets and the stars.

21. Above that was heaven, with the souls of those saved and the angels. The angels were responsible for the movement of the universe in perfect circles. This theory was called the Geocentric theory. People accepted this theory for 2 reasons: • It explained in common sense terms what the eye saw • It placed God and Heaven where it belonged according to the Bible, up above • As a result of the Church during the Middle Ages, science had to offer explanations that fit into the interpretation of God’s plan.

23. “Q” How did the Scientific Revolution begin? • Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543): Was a Polish clergyman and astronomer. He tried to fix the Church calendar. His new theory claimed that the Sun, not the Earth was the center of the universe. • When his work was published in 1543, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, it had enormous Religious and Scientific implications • “Q” What were the results of Copernicus’ theories? • It put the stars to rest; now their movement was due to the revolution of the earth. As a result, the size of the universe expanded.

24. The earth was just another planet. It no longer held center stage. • What happened to Heaven and God?

25. Leading Scientists of this Time Period • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): A German astronomer, assistant to Tycho Brahe, formulated the three laws of planetary motion. • The orbits of the planets are elliptical, not circular • The planets do not move at uniform speed around the sun • The time a planet takes to orbit the sun is related to the distance from the sun • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): A Florentine mathematician, who is famous for conducting many experiments, which turned the world upside down. • Was responsible for elaborating and consolidating the modern scientific method of discovery (the Scientific Method)

26. Discovered the universal law for acceleration 32ft. per. Sec. Squared • Formulated the law of inertia (a body in motion will continue in motion until acted upon by an outside force) • Built his own telescope and did the unthinkable, pointed it to the Heavens • ·He was tried for Heresy after publishing Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World in 1632. He was forced to recant and spent the last ten years of his life under house arrest • Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): An English Mathematician/ Physicist. He is responsible for formulating the Universal Law of Gravitation. This law states that;

27. “Every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a mathematical relationship, the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of the matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.” This was translated as the three laws of motion: 1.A body in motion will remain in motion until an outside force acts upon it (friction); a body at rest (equilibrium) 2.The force needed to move an object is proportional to the mass of the object. 3.For every action there is an opposite but equal reaction

28. “Q” What were the results of the Scientific Revolution? • 1.The belief that Natural Laws governed the Universe and that these laws could be described in mathematical terms. • 2.The use of the Scientific Method, which encouraged people to be skeptical and to question rather than accept what they saw. • 3.The belief that all knowledge could be obtained through the use of reason. • 4. New instruments like the barometer, thermometer, pendulum clock, telescope, microscope and the air pump.

29. The Glorious Revolution • The Glorious Revolution began in England in the year 1688-89. This revolution had many significant impacts throughout the world. It is referred to as Glorious because it was a bloodless revolution. • “Q” What were the causes of the Glorious Revolution? • King James II was a firm believer in the theory of Divine Right (Absolute Monarchy). This presented a problem for the English, which had a history of Limited Monarchy. • In the year 1215 the English Nobles forced King John to agree to the Magna Carta, a document that limited the power of the English Kings. • This document created a Great Council (Parliament), which had the power to legislate laws and taxes. According to English tradition the King was not above the law.

30. Soon after he became King in 1685, King James II began ignoring Parliamentary Laws by appointing Catholics to government positions. • He had a son in 1688, his second wife was Catholic, and he baptized his son a Catholic not an Anglican. This act of arrogance cost James the throne of England. • His oldest daughter and her husband, William and Mary, were offered the Monarchy, and they accepted. • In 1689 they were officially coronated as the new King and Queen of England.

31. “Q” What were the results of the Glorious Revolution? • The English Bill of Rights 1689: this placed even more restrictions upon the Monarchs of England. It granted citizens basic civil liberties and eventually the Monarchs were reduced to figureheads. • John Locke: In 1689 he wrote an Essay, which defended the Glorious Revolution. In this essay, Two Treatises of Government, • Locke claimed that the citizens of England had the right to depose the King due to the fact that he violated his contract with the citizens of England.

32. He went on to explain that the King had the responsibility to protect the Natural Rights of the citizens. • Locke claimed that all people were born with the rights of Life, Liberty and Property. He is known as the Father of the Enlightenment. • If he failed to do so, the citizens had the right to rebel (similar to the Chinese belief in the Mandate of Heaven. • Parliament, which at this time was dominated by the House of Lords, passed several Enclosure Acts, which “fenced” off common lands. These acts were responsible for an Agricultural Revolution, which is why England was the first nation to undergo an Industrial Revolution.

33. The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in England around the late 1700’s. This revolution transformed the way in which goods were made, where they were made and how quickly they were made. The way in which this revolution impacted society, and the results are enormous. • “Q” Why did the Industrial revolution begin in England? • The English had an agricultural revolution, which produced a surplus of food. • The Enclosure Movement forced people off the land, pushed them to the new towns, and provided a ready labor force. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc

35. The Island location allowed them to cheaply ship their goods. It also afforded them the opportunity to isolate themselves from mainland Europe and the problems within Europe. • England had a central bank, which made capital available for the purpose of investment. • Entrepreneurs encouraged the growth of new inventions and industry.

36. The government encouraged the people to invest in business. (Capitalism) • Natural Resources – coal, iron, climate, rivers, island – size able to unite • A Colonial Empire largest colonial empire – exports 4xs 1660-1760. The colonies were forced to buy products from the Mother Country. (Mercantilism)

37. Changes that lead to Industrialization1700 - 1800 A. Better growing conditions (Climate change) B. Immunities to diseases that previously devastated populations. C. New foods and new food sources (Colombian Exchange corn, potatoes, beans) Land development – swamps drained, canals built, Enclosure movement. D. New weapons developed, allowed for larger empires, less warfare?

38. Agricultural Revolution The English countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 as the open-field system gave way to enclosed fields. (Enclosure Movement) The rotation of nitrogen producing crops and cereal crops ended the necessity of leaving a third or half the land fallow each planting. Another feature of the revolution was the cultivation of turnips and potatoes.

39. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) and Lord Townshend popularized the importance of root crops. Tull's most original contributions were the seed drill and horse hoe. The seed drill allowed a much greater proportion of the seed to germinate by planting it below the surface of the ground out of reach of the birds and wind.

40. Important Inventions of the Industrial Age • 1. The Steam Engine: (James Watt improved on the Newcomen Engine) Factories no longer had to be built along rivers. • 2.Steam Locomotive: (George Stephenson) Trains provided a faster way to transport goods across land. 3.Steamboat: (Robert Fulton) They provided a faster way to transport goods on water. 4. The Dynamo: (Michael Faraday) The electrical generator provided a new source of power which affected manufacturing as well as everyday life.

41. the spinning jenny

42. The ‘water frame’

43. The Power Loom

44. The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. • The first machines invented were able to produce threads and materials much faster than in the past. • These machines created a demand for clothing like never before. • The first factories were built in the 1770’s-1780’s. • “Q” What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution? • The Factory System: People now left the house to go to work. The Cottage Industries (Domestic System) of the 17th century ended.

45. Hours lengthen Families are apart Hours become inconvenient Workmanship goes down Prices go down Assembly line Child labor increases Results of the Factory System

46. *** The beauty of the Industrial Revolution was how it spiraled upward. New inventions increased production, which increased profits, which reduced prices, which allowed for more re-investment, which started the process all over again. Cool!! Impacts????

47. Impact on Population

48. Child Labor • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBE7QO1NU-I&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKcFDUDlRCE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JPmVBxsTa8&feature=related

49. Six year old girl:"I have been down six weeks and make 10 to 14 rakes a day; I carry a full 56 lbs. of coal in a wooden bucket. I work with sister Jesse and mother. It is dark the time we go.“