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Understanding the Industrial Revolution: Economic Advantages, Disparities, and Innovations

This comprehensive overview delves into the Industrial Revolution's multifaceted impact, particularly focusing on England and France in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. It examines French economic advantages like open markets and technical advancement, alongside significant disadvantages stemming from wars and economic uncertainty. It also explores Britain's industrialization, coal mining, child labor, and factory systems. Key technological innovations, including steam engines and production machinery, reshaped societies, giving rise to new social classes and urban challenges.

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Understanding the Industrial Revolution: Economic Advantages, Disparities, and Innovations

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Presentation Transcript

  1. The Industrial Revolution By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

  2. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages • Napoleonic Code. • French communal law. • Free contracts • Open markets • Uniform & clear commercial regulations • Standards weights & measures. • Established technical schools. • The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions. • Bank of France  European modelproviding a reliable currency.

  3. French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • Supported the AmericanRevolution. • French Revolution. • Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars • Heavy debts. • High unemployment  soldiersreturning from the battlefronts. • French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

  4. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

  5. Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

  6. The Enclosure Movement

  7. “Enclosed” Lands Today

  8. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

  9. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

  10. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • More powerful than water is coal. • More powerful than wood is iron. • Innovations make steel feasible. • “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” • “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. • Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

  11. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

  12. Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

  13. Young Coal Miners

  14. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

  15. British Pig Iron Production

  16. Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

  17. Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

  18. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

  19. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.

  20. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

  21. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

  22. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

  23. Jacquard’s Loom

  24. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

  25. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

  26. The Power Loom

  27. James Watt’s Steam Engine

  28. Steam Tractor

  29. Steam Ship

  30. An Early Steam Locomotive

  31. Later Locomotives

  32. The Impact of the Railroad

  33. “The Great Land Serpent”

  34. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

  35. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

  36. Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display

  37. Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

  38. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

  39. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

  40. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

  41. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

  42. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

  43. The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute

  44. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

  45. Industrial Staffordshire

  46. Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

  47. The New Industrial City

  48. Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

  49. Worker Housing in Manchester

  50. Factory Workers at Home

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