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Warm Up: Which of the following is large scale? Small scale?

Warm Up: Which of the following is large scale? Small scale? What is the difference between site and situation? 3. What city lies at 34 degrees North, -83.4 degrees East?. A. B. Warm Up: Which of the following is large scale? Small scale?

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Warm Up: Which of the following is large scale? Small scale?

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  1. Warm Up: Which of the following is large scale? Small scale? What is the difference between site and situation? 3. What city lies at 34 degrees North, -83.4 degrees East? A B

  2. Warm Up: Which of the following is large scale? Small scale? Large Small 2. What is the difference between site and situation? Site refers to it’s physical and cultural features, independent of its relationship to other places around it. (San Francisco is a peninsula separating the bay from the ocean.) Situation describes a place in relation to things around it. (To the east of San Fran is the bay and Oakland.) 3. What city lies at 40 degrees north, negative 83.4 degrees east? Athens, Georgia A B

  3. Imagine that the number of students in our AP HuG Class has doubled. list the effects of this, both positive and negative. Would you like to have more, fewer or the same number of students in the class as now?

  4. Questions: 1. What services are easier to provide for an area of high population density? 2. What qualities are desirable about areas of lower population density? 3. If population continues to grow locally, what is the impact on population density?

  5. Human Geography Unit II. Population

  6. Population Geography • Distribution of World Population • Population Statistics • Population Pyramids • Demographic Transition Theory • Population Control • Overpopulation (Malthus and Neo-Malthusians)

  7. Population • Demography: The study of the Characteristics of human population • Demographers look statistically at how people are distributed spatially by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, etc. • The distribution of the worlds population is in one word “uneven”

  8. A little information about world Population • 80% of pop. Lives within 500 Mi. of an ocean • World inhabitants live on only 10% of the land • 90% of pop. Lives North of the Equator • 65% lives between 20°N and 60 ° N latitude

  9. Population Concentrations • 23 countries = 75% of world population (172) • 10 Countries have pops. Greater than 100M • China, India, United States, Indonesia, Brazil • China: 1.4 billion • India: 1.3 billion • U.S.: 325 million • Indonesia: 263 million

  10. World and Country Population Totals Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface! Total: 6.6 billion on planet as of 2007 World Clock! Five most populous regions and countries REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION • East Asia 1.5 billion China 1.254 billion • South Asia 1.2 billion India 986 million • Europe 750 million U.S. 274 million • SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 206 million • East N. Am. 120 million Brazil 168 million

  11. Accessibility Topography Soil Fertility Climate Weather Water Political History Economic History Factors that Shape Distribution

  12. Ecumene Ecumene, or portion of the earth’s surface that has permanent human settlement has expanded to cover most of the earth’s land area. Expansion of the Ecumene5000 BC - AD 1900

  13. Population Density • Density: numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people and some other unit of interest (typically space)

  14. Population Density • 3 Main Types of Densities • Crude/Arithmetic • Physiological • Agricultural

  15. Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area. U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2 • Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable (farmable) land. • AgriculturalPopulation Density- Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land.

  16. Crude/Arithmetic Density • Total number of people divided by the total land are (also called pop. Density) Limitations • Assumes Uniformity • One dimensional • Tells little about opportunities or obstacles contained in the relationship of people to land

  17. Assumes Uniformity Example: New York State • 407.731 People Per Sq. Mile (6th) • Remove NY City Population of 8 Million • And area of NYC 368 sq mi. • Density = 240.19 People Per Sq. Mile

  18. Population Density of Georgia

  19. Physiological Density • Ratio of population to a given unit of cultivated land • Number of people dependant on each unit of cultivated land • Excludes agriculturally non-productive land • Reflects the “burden of dependency” or “carrying capacity”

  20. Physiological Density • United States = 404 people are supported by 1 sq mile of arable land • Egypt = 9,073 people per sq. Mile Why is Physiological Density More meaningful than Crude/Arithmetic Density?

  21. Answer • Physiological gives us a better picture of the populations strain on the country’s resources EXAMPLE United States Crude Density = 78 per sq. mi. Physiological = 404 per sq. mi. Egypt Crude Density = 185 per sq. mi. Physiological = 9,073 per sq. mi. *A large difference between Crude & Physiological density indicates that a small percentage of region’s land is capable of growing crops

  22. Population Density – Egypt • All but 5% of Egyptian people live in the Nile river valley • It is the only area in the country that receives enough moisture to allow intensive cultivation of crops • Physiological Density is useful when trying to determine a country’s carrying capacity, or the population it can support without significant environmental deterioration.

  23. Agricultural Population Density • Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land • Gives an indication of the efficiency of the region’s farmers • Developed countries have lower agricultural densities because farmers have resources to use technology & produce large quantities of food w/fewer workers • Less developed countries have higher agricultural densities because they have less technology and depend of more workers

  24. Growth

  25. Growth In order to understand population growth and change we must first create an understanding of 2 significant factors: - Fertility and Mortality

  26. Measuring Population • Geographers/Demographers most frequently measure population change in a country through 3 measures

  27. Measuring Population • Crude Birth Rate (CBR) • Crude Death Rate (CDR) • Natural Increase Rate (NIR) • Natural means excluding migration • Crude means looking at society as a whole

  28. Crude Birth Rate • Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive • CBR of 20 means that for every 1,000 people in a country 20 babies are born over a one-year period • CBR for United States 2016 = 12 CBR = number of live births ÷ population x 1000

  29. Crude Death Rate • Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people • CDR for United States 2016 = 8.2 CDR = number of deaths ÷ population x 1000

  30. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) • Percentage by which a population grows in a year • Computed CBR – CDR after first converting the two measures from numbers per 1,000 to % (# per 100) • CBR = 20 , CDR = 5 • 20 – 5 = 15 per 1,000 or 1.5% (15÷1000 x100)

  31. Rates of Natural Increase

  32. Natural Increase = CBR - CDR

  33. Effects of Natural Rate on a Large Base Population

  34. Demographic Equations = Rate of Natural Increase (%) Population Doubling Time (yrs.) = 70  Growth Rate “Rule of 70” Since the early 1800’s, population has been growing exponentially. Example: In 2014, Ivory Coast had a population growth rate of 2.0. 70/2=35, so the population of Ivory Coast will double in 35 years. Growth Rate (%) = (Birth Rate – Death Rate) +/– Migration

  35. Doubling Time • How long will it take for a population of a • given area to double in size? • • Doubling time assumes the population will • grow at a given annual rate • • Approximated by dividing the annual rate • of population into 70 World = 50 U.S. = 35 MDC = 550 LDC = 40 Honduras = 22 Denmark = 700 Russia = never? • Example: Bangladesh • 70/R.N.I. => 70/2.09 = 33.5 years • Bangladesh with a population of 144.3 million people in 2005 will have approximately 288.6 • million people in 2038, if the population continues to grow at current rates.

  36. Fertility • Total fertility rate (TFR) average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) • TFR attempts to predict the future (assumptions of future fertility on current) • World TFR is around 3. • Sub Saharan Africa >6 • Europe <2

  37. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Amount of children a women will have on average during her child bearing years. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children. Fertility Rate = __number of live births during time period__ X 1,000 total population of females age 15-44 at mid-point of time period

  38. Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The U.S. rate is 2. 2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age. England & Wales

  39. Total Fertility Rate

  40. New Influences on Birth Rates • Family planning programs • Contraceptive technology • Religious Values • Role of mass media • Industrial Revolution • Machines over more kids • Government Programs • Antinatalist Policies • One Child Policy (China)

  41. Mortality • Infant mortality rate (IMR) annual # of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births (usually deaths per 1,000) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = __number of infant deaths during time period__ X 1,000 number of live births during time period

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