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THEORY OF WAR

THEORY OF WAR. AIM. TO PROVIDE AN INSIGHT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ART OF WAR FIGHTING AND AN OVERVIEW OF ITS APPLICATION ON THE CONDUCT OF MODERN WAFARE. CONDUCT. CAPSULE CONDUCTED OVER TWO DAYS; IN FOUR PARTS:- PART I - HISTORY OF WARFARE : ITS EVOLUTION THROUGH AGES.

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THEORY OF WAR

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  1. THEORY OF WAR

  2. AIM TO PROVIDE AN INSIGHT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ART OF WAR FIGHTING AND AN OVERVIEW OF ITS APPLICATION ON THE CONDUCT OF MODERN WAFARE.

  3. CONDUCT CAPSULE CONDUCTED OVER TWO DAYS; IN FOUR PARTS:- • PART I - HISTORY OF WARFARE : ITS EVOLUTION THROUGH AGES. • PART II - SCHOOLS OF STRATEGIC THOUGHT:THEORIES EXPOUNDED BY MODERN STRATEGISTS. • PART III - SPECTRUM OF CONFLICT:LEVELS OF WAR AND LINKAGES. • PART IV - PRINCIPLES OF WAR .

  4. THEORY OF WAR PART - I

  5. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF WARFARE * VARIOUS ERAS OF WARFARE. * STYLES OF WAGING WAR * REASONS WHY NATIONS HAVE RESORTED TO WAR

  6. DIVISION OF DISCUSSION • 500 BC TO 1500 AD • 1600 AD TO 1900 AD • THE WORLD WARS • POST WORLD WAR II

  7. 500 BC TO 1500 AD IMPORTANT EVENTS IN EVOLUTION OF WARFARE * 7000 BC JERICHO STRONGLY FORTIFIED. * 3500 BC CHARIOT APPEARED IN MESOPOTAMIA. * 3000-2000 BC COMPOSITE BOW, APPEARANCE AND PERFECTION. * 2950 BC EGYPTIAN NAVAL EXPEDITION RED SEA TO SINAI. * 2500 BC PHALANX FORMATION, FIRST SEEN. * 1900 BC BATTERING RAM FLIMSY TYPE.

  8. * 2000-1800 BC CHARIOT, REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT. * 1700 BC MOUNTED TROOPS, FIRST REPORTED. * 1400 BC SCALING LADDERS, CAME INTO USE. * 1000 BC USE OF CAVALRY BY ASSYRIANS. * 900 BC HORSES CAPABLE OF CARRYING LIGHTLY ARMED MEN AVAILABLE (RIDE FROM FORWARD SEAT). * 700 BC MOBILE SIEGE TOWERS IN USE.

  9. 500 BC TO 1500 AD • FIRST SEGMENT - 500 BC TO AD CALENDAR • SECOND SEGMENT - 1 AD TO 1000 AD • THIRD SEGMENT - 1001 AD TO 1500 AD

  10. FIRST SEGMENT 500 BC TO AD CALENDAR

  11. HIGHLIGHTS FIRST SEGMENT(500 BC TO AD CALENDAR) LONG RG COMPOSITE BOW MED RG JAVELINS CHARIOTS SHORT RG SPEARS INF HELMET PHALANX SHIELD CQB AXE/MACE NOTE:- DEVP OF CHARIOTS CAV DID NOT DEVP UNIVERSALLY

  12. BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE PASS484 BC PERSIAN VS GREEKS (XERXES) (LEONIDS) 7,000HOPLITES INCL 300 SPARTANS GREEKS HELD PASS FOR 3 DAYS . CONQUER OR DIE.

  13. VALOUR AND DEDICATION • CONQUER OR DIE – SPARTAN LAW - “GO, TELL THE SPARTANS, THOU THAT PASSED BY, THAT HERE, OBEDIENT TO THEIR LAW, WE LIE”.

  14. BETTER TO DIE THAN BE A COWARD - GURKHAS.

  15. BATTLE OF GAUGAMELA 330 BC • PERSIANS VS MACEDONIANS (DARIUS) (ALEXANDER) • MOBILITY VIS A VIS STABILITY • CHARIOTS ARROWS JAVELINS SPEARS • BATTLE UNCOVERED HEARTOF PERSIAN EMPIRE - ALEXANDER MASTER OF ASIA. LESSONS PLG, PREP, REST, REFIT.

  16. BATTLE OF CANNAE 216 BC • CARTHAGINIANS VS ROMANS (HANIBAL) (CONSUL TARENTIUS VERRO) • 20,000 VS 70,000 • CONVEX FMN CONCAVE FMN. • LESSONS:- PLOY AND MOB.

  17. BATTLE OF ZAMA- 202 BC • HANNIBAL SCIPIO LARGER FORCE 40,000 2000 CAV 4,000 CAV 80 ELEPHANTS LED TO EMERGENCE OF ROMAN EMPIRE AT END OF THIS PERIOD. PROMINENCE OF CEASER-59-44 BC; 55BC-BRITAIN, 49BC – SPAIN, 47BC-EGYPT

  18. SIT IN INDIA • 326 BC- ALEXANDER INVADES INDIA • 300 BC- KAUTILYA WROTE ARTHSHASHTRA • FA HIEN & HIUEN TSANG VISIT INDIA • NO RECORD OF ANY SIGNIFICANT MIL ACTIVITY AVAILABLE.

  19. SECOND SEGMENT 1 AD TO 1000 AD

  20. UPTO 350 AD(PERIOD OF INVENTION) • INVENTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SIEGE ENGINE AND CATAPULTS. • HURL STONES OF 1 CWT - 400 YDS. • MAIN COMPONENTS OF ARMIES- ARCHERS, INF AND CAV. • ENGINEERING SKILLS • FORTS. • SIEGE VEHS/TOWERS. • XG EXPEDIENTS • JERUSALEM THREE TIERS OF WALLS.

  21. BY 400 AD -HUNS, VANDALS, GOTHS AND SAXONS ADV UPTO GREECE, ITALY, NE AFRICA, SPAIN AND ENGLAND. • 378 BATTLE OF ADRIANPOLES • ROMANS (VALENS) ATTACK GOTHS. • INF LEGIONS IN CENTRE, CAV FLKS. • GOTH CAV FORAGING, ON CALL ATTACK. “LIKE A THUNDERBOLT WHICH STRIKES UPON A MOUNTAIN TOP AND DASHES AWAY ALL THAT STANDS IN ITS PATH” -FIRST MAJ VICTORY OF CAV-SIGNALLED ITS ARRIVAL (TILL 14TH CENTURY AD).

  22. BATTLE OF CARTHAGE 535 AD • BELISARIUS - IN 520AD TRAINED ELITE CORPS OF HY CAV WITH BOW AND LANCE. • ACTED AS SKIRMISHERS & SHOCK TROOPS WITH SWORDS. • DEVISED TACS TO TEMPT EN WITH LIVE BAIT, FEW TPS ON HORSES TO DRAW EN. • CUT OUT RETREAT, ATTACK FLKS. CONTINUOUS RISE OF CAV BETWEEN 7TH -11TH CENTURIES IN EUROPEAN WARFARE.

  23. LAST QUARTER : 01-1000 AD • BY 622AD MOHD BEGAN EXPANSION OF ISLAM AND ARABIANISM. • MUSLIMS AND BYZANTINES • MUSLIM THRUST-CRUSADING IDEA OF… RELIGIOUS ENTHUSIASM • JIHAD MOBILITY (CAMELS) ENDURANCE (DESERT LIVING) MORALE • DREW OWN RESPONSE FROM CHRISTIANS • BYZANTINES – PROFESSIONAL PRIDE • SKILL RATED HIGHER THAN FORCE • CHIVALRY AND IMPETUS VALOUR – NO FORTE • RUSES/STRATAGEMS – NI ATTACKS • DECEPTION – FALSE INT, FOMENT TREASON • ADM/LGS - COMPATIBLE MOB/SPEED

  24. SIT IN INDIA • MONGOLS CAME TO LOOT & PLUNDER • MD GAZNI CAME 17 TIMES (997-1030AD) • NO RESISTANCE OFFERED AS NO SPECIFIC SCHOOL OF WARFARE

  25. THIRD SEGMENT 1001 AD TO 1500 AD • MEDIEVAL SWORD - FULLY DEVP-REMAINED FOR NEXT 400 YRS. • KNIGHTS – 8-9 FT LANCE, SWORD, AXE/ MACE. • ARMR FOR MEN AND HORSES – FINER CHAIN MAIL & PLATE ARMR. • FORTFN – MOATS, CASTLES, CONCENTRIC WALLS. • LT CAV FOR SKIRMISHING & RECCE • MINING, STARVATION AND TREACHERY. INVENTION OF GUN POWDER • FIRST GUN FIRED IN 1324 AT METZ IN FRANCE. • GUNS MTD ON CHARIOTS - PRIMITIVE RKT BTY. • CONFLICT BETWEEN GUNS & CASTLES

  26. BATTLE OF HASTINGS 1066 AD • WILLIAM THE NORMAN CROSSED CHANNEL TO ENGLAND. • RAVAGED COUNTRYSIDE INVITING KING HAROLD TO ATTACK QUICKLY WITHOUT PLG (BOTH SIDES HAD 6-7000 TPS). • HY LOSSES - MEN, HORSES AND MTRL. • CHANGE IN ENGLISH HISTORY - WILLIAM CONQUERED ENGLAND – BATTLE OF `HOARY APPLE TREE’. • LESSONS:- CONT, DISCP, RUSE.

  27. THE CRUSADES1095 - 1204 AD • IN CALL FOR HELP FROM GERMANS AGAINST BYZANTINES. • HOLY WAR BY POPE URBAN- II AT CLERMONT. “THOSE WHO LOSE THEIR LIVES IN SUCH AN ENTERPRISE WILL GAIN PARADISE AND REMISSION OF THEIR SINS”.

  28. REASONS • FAMINE OF 1094 AD. • RISING POPULATION IN W EUROPE. • YOUNGER SONS OF NOBILITY – TO FIND NEW LANDS. • PEASANTS ENROLLED- FREEDOM FROM SERFDOM. • INTEREST OF MERCHANTS – COMMERCIAL PROFITS. • RELIGIOUS MOTIVE – INITIALLY OF 1ST GENERATION. • CASTLES BUILT ON SITES FOR ADM, ECO, SOCIAL PURPOSE THAN STRAT REASONS.

  29. THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR1337 - 1453 AD • ENGLAND VS FRANCE. • WAR OF ATTRITION – FEW BIG CLASHES. NO DECISIVE BATTLES. • DEVASTATION OF FARMS AND MONASTRIES. • BETTER TRG AND QUALITY OF ENGLISH TPS. BATTLE OF CRECY – 1346 AD

  30. BATTLE OF CRECY - 1346 AD • EDWARD III VS KING PHILIP VI OF FRANCE. • EDWARD III • SECURED FLK BY RESTING ON STREAM. • VILLAGES AS PIVOTS. • GRND-THREE TERRACES - NEGATE EN MOB. • WEDGES - USED ARCHERS. FROM HERE ONWARDS ENHANCED DEVP OF ARTILLERY - IN 1453, 27 FT GUN CAPABLE OF THROWING 1000 LBS STONE BALLS UPTO ONE MILE.

  31. OTHER EVENTS • DISCOVERY OF AMERICA • FOREIGNERS LAND IN INDIA BY SEA • FOCUS SHIFTS TO EST OVERSEAS COLONIES IN INDIA • MD GAZNI FOLLOWED BY MD GAURI (1190-92) • EST OF SLAVE DYNASTY IN DELHI – RAIDS BY TIMUR • WEAK LODHI DYNASTY EXPOSED INDIA TO EXTERNAL AGGRESSION • BABUR ARR – 1526 AD.

  32. MEDIEVAL PERIOD 16TH TO 19TH CENTURY • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - COLONISATION. • METALLURGY. • IMPROVED GUN POWDER, LIGHTER CANNONS & GUN CARRIAGES, TRUNIONS BREECH LOADING, TRAVERSE/ELEVATION. • INVENTION OF RIF AND MG – SPELT DOOM OF KNIGHTS. • MARRIAGE OF RIF AND BAYONET. • DEF STRAT BECAME RELEVANT IN WAR DUE FUND PAUCITY. • EUROPE SHIFTED SIGHTS TO OTHER CONTINENTS. • EAST INDIA COMPANY. • ECO, POL AND ADM IMPLICATIONS – DUE GROWTH OF ARMIES. • ALL LED TO LARGE SCALE REVOLUTIONS – 1917 IN RUSSIA.

  33. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618 - 1648 AD • ORIGINS IN RELIGIOUS DISPUTES BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS. • POLITICS INTERWOVEN WITH RELIGION . • GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS OF SWEDEN KING AT 17 YRS IN 1611 AD. • FOUNDER OF MODERN MIL ORG AND TRG. • OFFICER CADRE. • DEVP OF MODERN EUROPEAN ARMY IN DIRECT DESCENT FROM GUSTAVUS’ SWEDISH ARMY.

  34. IMP PERSONALITIES IN EUROPE IN 17-18TH AND BEGINNING OF 19TH CENTURY • JOHN CHURCHILL (1650-1722 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH) INTRODUCED CDRS POSN TO CONT BATTLE, MESSENGERS, As DC . • KIND CHARLES II OF SWEDEN 1657 AD AT 15 YRS AGE. • FREDRICK THE GREAT OF PRUSSIA – 18TH CENTURY. • HORATIO NELSON. • SIR ARTHUR WELLESLEY LATER DUKE OF WELLINGTON. • NAPOLEON.

  35. BATTLE OF ABOUKIR BAY 01 AUG 1798 • REAR ADM HORATIO NELSON FOUGHT OFF THE COAST OF EGYPT AGAINST NAPOLEON’S NAVY. • INTRO OF COMPREHENSIVE SIGNALLING SYS FOR ELABORATE FLEX & CONT NAVAL TACS. • BETTER NAVAL TAC. • DETAILED PLG. • CONTINGENCIES. • 1805 – BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR – LEFT BRITAIN IN COMD OF SEAS. NAPOLEON CONFINED TO LAND STRAT.

  36. CRIMEAN WAR AN IMP WAR DUE TO:- • BRITISH LT BDE CHARGE IN PARADE GRND FMN DOWN A VALLEY. • PULVERISING EFFECT OF CAV, DEVASTATION OF WPNS, FIRE, MOMENTUM. • OF THE 4,05,000 TPS, 25,600 KILLED IN ACTION & 38,800 DUE TO DISEASE. • NURSING SERVICE – FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE; LED TO EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN. • INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS. • FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION AT GENEVA IN 1864.

  37. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861 - 1865 AD • NORTH (18 MI) VS SOUTH (9 MI). • ISSUE OF SLAVERY - 3 MILLION SLAVES IN SOUTH. • IN SOUTH, PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS - A GRADUATE OF WEST POINT, HIS GENERAL - LEE. • IN NORTH LINCOLN - A LAWYER & POLITICIAN - NO KNOWLEDGE OF ARMY AFFAIRS.

  38. IMP ASPECTS • WPN IMPROVEMENT REVOLUTIONISED TACS • SOLID INF FMNS DISAPPEARED • OLD CAV WARFARE, SHOCK ACTION AGAINST INF-OUT OF BUSINESS • SPADE & AXE BECAME NECESSARY ARTICLES IN BATTLE • BREAST WKS & RIF PITS FOR PROTECTION & CONVER • DESTR POWER OF ARTY FELT • TRN, STRAT USE OF RLYS, TAC AND GENERALSHIP PLAYED IMP ROLES. • ENGINEERING. • MORSE/TELEGRAPH, TAKEN UP BY RLYS & CABLE NET WK DEVP. • CONT OF RIVERS – A STRAT OBJ NOTE :- PROFESSIONALS IN EUROPE NOT SERIOUS OF DEVPS – FELT WAR FOUGHT BY AMATEURS.

  39. INDIAN SCENE • 1526-BABUR EST MOGHUL DYNASTY – INTRODUCED GUNS IN BATTLE OF SIKRI (VS RAJPUTS) • 1707-AURANGAZEB DIES & NO WORTHWHILE LEADER LEFT • 1739-INVASION BY NADIR SHAH • 1748-61- AHMED SHAH ABDALI IHVADES INDIA – 3 TIMES. • 1757-BATTLE OF PLASSEY • 1803-BRITISH OCCUPY DELHI • 1857-QUEEN VICTORIA TAKES CONT FROM EAST INDIA CO.

  40. FIRST WORLD WAR 1914 - 1918 • WAR COMMENCED IN EUROPE TERMED AS `A WAR TO END WAR’. • GERMANY (COUNT VON SCHLIFFEN - COS) LAUNCHED OFFENSIVE. • WINTER-TIRED SOLDIERS - TRENCH AND BARBED WIRES AND MGs. • EXTENSIVE PRE OFFENSIVE BOMBARDMENT - ASSAULTING WAVES OF TPS. • ATTRITION WARFARE AT ITS PEAK – MGs & GAS LESS USEFUL IN ASLT .

  41. CASUALTIES • 1915 - TWO OFFENSIVE IN ARTOIS AND TWO IN CHAMPAIGNE. (1,90,000 FRENCH, 1,40,000 GERMANS) • 1916 - VERDUN & SOMME. (4,20,000 DEAD, 8,00,000 WOUNDED, YET NO STRAT VICTORY) • 1917 - BATTLE OF YPRES. (4,80,000 BRITISH & GERMANS DEAD) • TOTAL - 20,000,00

  42. HIGHLIGHTS • MINING BY BRITISH FORCES AGAINST GERMANY- OCCUPATION OF MESSINES RIDGE BY BRITISH. • USE OF THE TANK - FIRST USED AT CAMBRAI ON 20 NOV 1917 – 300 TKS PENETRATED FIVE MILES W/O PRELIM BOMBARTMENT ACROSS HINDENBURG LINE. • U-BOATS - BRITISH SHIPPING HY LOSSES. • AEROPLANES FOR OBSN & GAINING INFO. • IMPROVED COMNS- TELEPHONES, WIRELESS ,SR, FLASH SPOTTING. • POISON GAS - EXTENSIVELY USED CAUSING HY LOSSES . • IN FINAL ANALYSIS- WAR COULD NOT BE WON – ONLY BE LOSSED WHEN HUMAN ENDURANCE FAILED.

  43. SECOND WORLD WAR 1939 - 1945 • SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936-39, PREVIEW. • TOTAL WAR. • BOMBARDING CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL CENTRES. • GERMANS EMP TK AND AC – DOCTRINE OF BLITZKRIEG. • BREAK THRU & DEEP PENE BY ARMR, SP BY AIR-PRINCIPLES OF SURPRISE, CONC, SPEED & RUTHLESNESS. • RUSSO-GERMAN WAR AND ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOUR. • NUC BOMBS. • CHURCHILL – `NEVER IN THE FD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW’.

  44. CASUALTIES *TOTAL - 50,000,00 (17-18, 000,00 CIVILIAN) (BBC - 65,000,00) * GERMANS TOOK 5,000,00 RUSSIAN PRISONERS - 2,000,00 SURVIVED. * HIROSHIMA, NAGASAKI - 120,000.

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