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Understanding Memory Types and CPU Architecture: RAM, Cache, and Bus Evolution

This chapter delves into the different types of memory used in computing, focusing on Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Static RAM (SRAM), and cache memory (L1, L2). It examines the mechanisms of memory refresh, cache types, and the structure of CPU buses including Frontside and Backside buses. Additionally, we explore various CPU form factors like PGA and PPGA, as well as I/O buses including PCI and USB, detailing their speeds, configurations, and roles in enhancing system performance.

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Understanding Memory Types and CPU Architecture: RAM, Cache, and Bus Evolution

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  1. Chapter 3 By James Hanson June 2002

  2. DRAM • Dynamic-RAM • Needs to be refreshed every few milliseconds • 1 Transistor/ 1 Capacitor

  3. SRAM • Static-RAM • Doesn’t need to be refreshed. • Keeps memory as long as it has power. • 6 Transistors

  4. Cache • A type of fast memory. • Located in or near the CPU. • Doesn’t need to be refreshed. • Types L1, L2-[Discrete/ATC], and COAST. • Static memory.

  5. L1 Cache • Level 1 • Cache located closest to the processor. • Internal Cache.

  6. L2 Cache • Level 2 • External cache located near the processor as in Discrete and ATC. • Or close to the CPU like COAST.

  7. Discrete Cache • Cache that is in the CPU package. • Connected to the processor by a bus. • Pentium Pro was first chip to use.

  8. ATC • Advance Transfer Cache • Cache that is embedded in the processor section of the CPU. • Fastest L2 cache.

  9. C.O.S.T • Cache On a Stick. • External Cache on main board. • Connect via memory bus. • Slowest cache.

  10. Backside Bus • The bus that connects the L2 discrete cache to the processor. • Run at ½ to full speed of processor.

  11. Frontside Bus • Bus out of the CPU to the system board. • Also Known as the memory bus or system bus. • Speed varies by chip set, CPU, and Moterboard.

  12. Local Bus • A bus that is synchronized with CPU. • Northbridge and above.

  13. External Bus • A bus that runs asynchronies of the CPU. • Below the Northbridge.

  14. Wait state • When the CPU must pause and wait for slower devices.

  15. RISC • Reduced Instruction Set Computer. • Sends fewer/simpler instructions by using the most frequently used ones. • Faster then CISC

  16. CISC • Complex Instruction Set Computer. • More complex/ complete instructions are sent therefore it is slower.

  17. CPU Form Factors • Also known as sockets and slots. • PGA and SPGA • SEP, SECC, SECC2, PPGA, and FC-PGA.

  18. PGA • Pin Grid Array • Pins are aligned in uniform rows around the socket. • Sockets 4 and 6

  19. SPGA • Staggered Pin Grid Array • Pins are place in a staggered pattern on the package to get more on. • Sockets include 5,7, super 7, 8, and 370 • Socket 7 run at 66 MHz • Super 7 runs at 100 MHz and supports AGP and uses AMD chips vs. Intel.

  20. SEP • Single Edge Processor • Is not covered in plastic case. • The first Celerons were this way. • Fits Slot 1

  21. SECC • Single Edge Contact Cartridge • Covered completely in in a plastic housing. • Pentium II and Pentium III may use Slot 1.

  22. PPGA • Plastic Pin Grid Array • Processor is in a flat square box made to fit a Socket 370. • Fan and heat sink attach to top with a heat spreader or thermal plate. • New Celerons come this way.

  23. FC-PGA • Flip Chip Pin Grid Array • Looks like PPGA and also uses Socket 370. • Heat sink and fan attach directly to the top of CPU. • Pentium III also come this way.

  24. AGP • Accelerated Graphics Port • System boards have one AGP slot that is more of a port then a bus. • Has direct access to the CPU, rather then routing through the slower PCI bus. • 66-MHz – 32-bit • AGP 2X /AGP 4X

  25. ISA • Industry Standard Architecture • First came out in 8-bit bus later IBM extended to 16-bit. • 8-MHz

  26. MCA • Microchannel Architecture • Introduced by IBM in 1987 for a short time • First 32-bit bus • Replaced by PCI

  27. PCI • Peripheral Component Interconnect bus • Has become the standard for I/O bus • 33-MHz/66-MHz - 32-bit • PCI-X 66-MHz/133-MHz - 64-bit

  28. AMR • Audio Modem Riser • Designed for small, cheap cards. • Most of the logic for the audio or modem is supported by the system board chip set. • Cheap way to expand with out ISA/PCI.

  29. USB • Universal Serial Bus • Is replacing parallel and serial ports. • Easy installation of I/O devices through Plug-N-Play. • Able to use up 127 devices on one IRQ • Enables Hot-Swapping • USB 1 speeds of 1.5 Mbs – 12 Mbs • USB 2 speeds up to 480 Mbs

  30. FireWire • Expansion bus that can configured as a local bus. • It may replace SCSI in the future. • Used for fast I/O devices. • Also called IEEE 1394 and I.link • Up to 63 devices per channel. • Speeds up to 400 Mbs

  31. Push Me

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