Animal Field Worker Block II December 2007

1. Animal Field WorkerBlock II � December 2007 Training Material India Project for Animals and Nature www.indiapan.org

2. Animal Field Workers block II Experiences so far Rehearse in village workshops and during field practice Wound cleaning Internal parasites Dewormer calculations Diarrhea Emergencies Record keeping New topics: Pregnancy and new borns Feeding Recognition of FMD, Anthrax, others and what to do Others as requested by the AFWs

3. Animal Field Workers block II Heat The time when a female animal will allow a male to mate with her Mature females can become pregnant When a female is in heat, her ovaries release eggs into the uterus

4. Animal Field Workers block II Signs of heat Animals are often restless They stand apart from the group They swish their tails more than normal They might cry out more than normal (especially goats) They urinate more often (especially goats) They eat less than normal The vulva is sometimes red and swollen Thick clear mucus comes from the vagina � when red mucus comes from the vagina it is too late to mate an animal

5. Animal Field Workers, block II Pregnancy The length of pregnancy in different species: Cow 9 months (270-300 days) Buffalo 10 months (300-340 days) Sheep 5 months (140-160 days) Goat 5 months (145 -160 days) ANIMALS THAT DO NOT COME IN HEAT ARE USUALLY PREGNANT. YOU CAN CHECK FOR PREGNANCY BY PUTTING YOUR ARM INTO THE RECTUM AND FEELING THE DEVELOPING CALF.

6. Animal Field Workers, block II How to prepare an animal for birth? Stop milking 2-3 months before she gives birth Give enough good quality food, don�t let to become fat. Make sure she moves around. Don�t give vaccinations or medicines unless they are essential Keep her away from strange,unknown animals Make sure the shed is clean and provide her a clean place away from other animals

7. Animal Field Workers, block II Normal birth: 1. The cervix starts to open. The cervix has been sealed tightly with thick mucus while the animal was pregnant. The cervix should be fully open about one hour after the animal starts to push.

8. Animal Field Workers, block II What to do if something goes wrong with birth? If birth is taking more than an hour gently examine the animal to see what is wrong. You need: Clean water Soap and brush for washing hands Lubricant Clean clothes for drying hands Clean ropes

9. Animal Field Workers, block II What to do� Make sure the animal is loosely tied and can easily lie down Wash your hands AND arms well. Cut your fingernails short Use plenty of soap or vegetable oil as a lubricant Lift up the tail and wash around the vulva Put your arm in the vagina � is the cervix open? Is the baby in the correct position for birth? IF IT IS NOT YOU HAVE TO PUT IT IN THE RIGHT POSITION BEFORE THE BABY CAN COME OUT!

10. Animal Field Workers, block II What is the position of the baby? Feel the legs: are they front or back legs? Does the first joint bend the same way as the next joint? ? front legs Do both the legs belong to the same animal? Twins can not come out same time.

11. Animal Field Workers, block II Problem 1: The cervix is not open It is too early for the birth. Wait for an hour. Sometimes the cervix will open more if you put your hand in and gently try to expand it.

12. Animal Field Workers, block II Problem 2: Two front feet come but no head Push the baby back inside little Grip the mouth or nose and pull the head towards you. You can use rope to pull the jaw.

13. Animal Field Workers, block II Problem 3: Two back feet come first Most animal give birth to a baby in this position quite easily. Watch the mother closely, you might need to help by pulling on the baby�s legs.

14. Animal Field Workers, block II Problem 4: The head comes but one or two front legs do not Put your arm in and gently bring the legs up into the normal position. Put your hand over the hoof when pulling

15. Animal Field Workers, block II Problem 5: Only a tail comes Push the baby back inside a lttle Find the knee of one leg and pull it towards you Find the foot and cup your hand round it to protect the uterus

16. Animal Field Workers, block II Problem 6: The baby is dead and smells bad Dead baby and infection in the uterus can make the uterus very weak and it can break easily. BE VERY CAREFUL Put a lot of soapy water in through the vagina with a rubber tube and a plastic bottle Pull the dead baby out Give the mother antibiotics Wash yourself well

17. Animal Field Workers, block II What to do with a new born animal? Make sure it is breathing � clean mucus away from mouth & nostrils Pull the new born animal to where the mother can reach it to lick it dry Make sure the baby sucks its mother�s teat as soon as possible If a new-born animal is not breathing Hang it upside down, rub the chest Put the new-born animal on the back of its mother with its head down Put a piece of dry grass up the baby animals nose to make it cough

18. Animal Field Workers, block II What to do with a new-born animal? Colostrum!!!! Umbilical cord: If it doesn�t break tie a sterile string around it and cut about 3cm long Keep the navel of a new-born animal clean to stop infection getting in. You can soak the navel in antiseptic.

19. Animal Field Workers, block II Reasons for abortion and what to do Infection: usually more than one animal aborts Check if the animal has fever Isolate the animal, move the healthy animals away to a clean place, bury or burn the dead baby animal together with the placenta Clean up the place and wash yourself Brucellosis Infection comes from aborted baby animals, placentas and discharges Cause by bacteria Vaccine prevents from infection � there is no treatment! PEOPLE CAN GET SICK BY DRINKING THE MILK OF INFECTED ANIMALS!!!!

20. Animal Field Workers, block II Reasons for abortions Drugs Some medicines and vaccines can cause abortions. Don�t vaccinate animals that are late pregnant Before giving any medicines to a late pregnant animal make sure that the medicine can be safely given

21. Animal Field Workers, block II Complications after birth Retained placenta � infection � fertility problems Encourage new-born animal to suck Antibiotics needed if placenta retains and rots Prolapsed uterus � infection � possible death Metritis Weak/dead calf � loss of milk&calf Milk fever

22. Animal Field Workers, block II Diseases related to calving Mastitis Infection in the udder Milk looks different (watery, blood or lumps in it) Swollen and hot udder and teats Animal resists being milked In very severe mastitis the udder becomes dark blue/black ? very bad sign, animal often becomes very sick and might die

23. Animal Field Workers, block II Mastitis Treatment Milk the udder empty as often as you can Don�t spill the milk around because it can infect other animals Use antibiotics Prevention Keep everything clean when milking Clean the udder before and after milking Milk animals with mastitis last After milking, keep the animal in a clean place at least for an hour. Feed animals so they don�t lie down.

24. Animal Field Workers, block II Digestive system of a ruminant Four stomach system helps to digest tough fibres Helpful microbes (bacteria, protozoa) in the rumen break down the food ? gas formation ? belche once in every minute Abomasum (similar to humans, horses and dogs stomach) produces chemicals that help digest the food In new born ruminants the rumen is not yet developed. Solid food stimulates rumen to grow.

25. Animal Field Workers, block II Free grazing animals: nutrient intake is unknown. Free grazing animals have to work hard to harvest their food and still it is often not adequate Totally or partly in-stall fed animals: easier to affect on the composition of nutrients in the feed

26. Animal Field Workers, block II Foods for energy (carbohydrates) Good pasture or forage Grains; maize, rice, other cereals Foods for growth (proteins) Legumes Good grass and plants when green Digestibility and energy value of the grasses and plants decrease as they mature. Pasture legumes contain more protein, minerals and starch than grasses. They are digested more rapidly.

27. Animal Field Workers, block II How to make good hay/forage Collect grasses before they mature and stack in shade Wind dries the forage rather than direct sun Do this during November and December Use little time and effort to prepare yourself for the dry season and you will save money and your animals will survive the hard season better!!! IF YOU FEED ANIMALS WITH FORAGE THAT HAS TOO MUCH FIBRE THE ANIMALS WILL BECOME FULL SOON AND CAN�T EAT MORE BUT THEY HAVE NOT GET THE ENERGY THEY NEED. STRAW HAS VERY LITTLE ENERGY BUT LOT OF FIBRE IN IT.

28. Animal Field Workers, block II How to improve straw / poor quality fodder Mix with legumes; e.g. groundnut, horsegram, kubabul, gliricidia, cow pea, beans, chenna 10kg straw + 2 kg legumes Mix with concentrates 50% rice bran + 20% available cereal (e.g. Sorghum, raggy, maize) + 20% horsegram + 10% oilcake (e.g. Groundnut cake, linseed cake, cottonseed cake, coconut cake)

29. Animal Field Workers, block II How to improve straw / poor quality fodder Mix with minerals Mixture 1. mix a large pinch (about 1g) of wood ash every day with the animals food for every10kg of bodyweight Mixture 2. mix 2 parts salt and 2 parts bone meal Mixture 3. mix 2 parts salt, 2 parts bone meal and 1 part rock phosphate Mixture 4. mix 2 parts salt, 2 parts bone meal and 1 part lime Mixture 5. mix 1 part salt and 4 parts wood ash Let the animals eat as much of one of these mineral mixtures as they want. Put minerals in boxes to stop animals spreading them on the ground and wasting them. You can also use a commercial mineral mixture. Follow the instructions carefully.

30. Animal Field Workers, block II How to improve straw / poor quality fodder Supplementation / treatment with urea Urea can be sprayed as a solution on to the straw at the time of feeding Straw can be treated with urea and then sealed in plastic Use of urea increases the nutritional value of the straw and the intake of it

31. Animal Field Workers, block II Lack of proper nutrition Slow growth � animals don�t yeld much meat You can�t sell them at a good price Weak immune system � diseases!!! Low milk yeld Problems in pregnancy, show heat late

32. Animal Field Workers, block II Improved nutrition, an example for a late pregnant cow (not milking) 20kg grass 3 kg legumes 50% ricebran + 20% horsegram + 20% cereals + 10% oilcakes; give this concentrate mixture 1-2kg daily for the last two months of pregnancy CLEAN WATER