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SUSTAINABILITY AND FREIGHT TRANSPORT

This working group aims to align the freight transport sector with environmental goals by focusing on energy consumption and GHG emissions. We will explore synergies between different working groups, analyzing behavior changes in transportation for enhanced sustainability. Key discussions include the impact of GDP on transportation growth, the lack of decoupling in Europe, and strategies to reduce GHG emissions while maintaining economic activity. Stakeholders, including shippers and public authorities, will collaborate to model demand and improve energy efficiency across supply chains.

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SUSTAINABILITY AND FREIGHT TRANSPORT

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  1. SUSTAINABILITY AND FREIGHT TRANSPORT COST 355 (WATCH) WORKING GROUP 1 Christophe Rizet (rizet@inrets.fr)

  2. Defining our objectives • Freight and sustainability is large : Our proposal for this WG is to focus on global environment : energy consumption and GHG emissions. • INRETS input in this WG (Supply chain) • We should keep in mind the possible convergences and synergies with WATCH other WGs. COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  3. Convergences and synergies with WATCH other WGs • General objective of Watch : analysis of changes in behaviour for a better sustainability of transport • WG1 : freight, energy & GHG • WG2 : car ownership and car use • WG3 : National transport surveys (travellers) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  4. Why energy consumption (& GHG) : World CO2 emission by sector • Source : IEA • Kyoto objective for EU : - 8% (2010/1990) • Next objective (IPCC) North : 75% (2050/1990) • Transport & Energy the big problems COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  5. GDP and Transport Growth : no decoupling in Europe (EU 15 ; source « EEA Signals 2004 ») COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  6. Transport Emission of Air pollutants : mainly GHG (EEA 31 ; source : EEA Signals 2004) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  7. GHG Emissions in Europe : Kyoto objectives & 2001 situation COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  8. Reduction of GHG Emissions & the economy • What could be done to reduce significantly energy consumption in the transport sector without stopping the economy ? • Shippers • Carriers • Public authorities COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  9. Freight, energy & GHG : disaggregated observation • 1 Vehicles • 2 Shipment (transport chains) • 3 Shippers • 4 Supply chain COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  10. 1 The vehicle approach • Necessary for any disaggregated approach • European projects : MEET, ARTEMIS • Simple model doesn’t exist for modes such as rail & waterways COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  11. Vehicle Consumption as a function of its total weight (from MEET Hickman 1997) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  12. Vehicle Consumption as a function of its total weight (from Roumegoux 1995) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  13. 2) Shipment & transport Chain • Per shipment, 2 new problems arise • Assign part of the vehicle consumption to the shipment • Trace the shipment along the transport chain (more than half the shipments use complex chains, with several vehicles) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  14. 2) Energy efficiency per shipment : goe/tkm is very scattered COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  15. 2) Per shipmentdistances :on the network or straight line • Consumption related to distance - covered on the network (goe/tkm) - Straight Line (goe/tkmSL). • Differences come from - The networks - The places of transshipment. COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  16. 3) Shippers logistical choices grouping shipments Les consommations unitaires, en Gep/tkmVO par chaîne de transport, sont plus importantes - pour les envois groupés (50 gep/tkm) - que pour les non groupés (35) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  17. 3) Shippers choices : weight and distance in the global grouping effect COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  18. 3) Shippers : Just In Time & energyconsumption Is Energy efficiency (Goe/tkm) decreasing when delivery time increases ? (NB : small sample, large confidence intervals) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  19. 3) Shipper approach : INRETS survey • A first shipper survey in 1988 • The new shipper survey (2004-2005) designed to grasp energy consumption • With the objective of modelling freight demand and energy consumption according to the shippers logistical choices. COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  20. 4) Energy consumption : the supply chain approach • Our input in this WG • INRETS, UoW & CERTH • With a cooperation from companies COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  21. INRETS Supply chain : objective • Analyse the influence of the supply chain organisation • type of retailers : Hypermarket or small shop • origin of the sourcing • Chain organisation : number and localisation of the warehouses, logistical tools, ..) COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  22. Supply chain : method • Starting from the retailers • 2 products are traced • Yogurt : flux tendus et chaîne du froid • Textile : sourcing from Asia, magreb,… • 2 agglomerations in France (Paris & Aix) plus • Greece for yogurt (CERTH) & UK for textile (UoW) • We estimate energy consumption at each step with the operators COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  23. Supply chain yogurt • Estimating energy consumption (and GHG emission) per kg of yogurt all along the supply chain • Comparing these energy consumption per yogurt kg according to the characteristics of the supply chain COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  24. Yogurt Supply chain : the 9 steps of energy consumption 4Yoplait Warehouse 4Yoplait yogurt factory Farm Milk 1 tank truck 3 reefer truck 5 reefer truck Consumer home 6 Retailer Warehouse 8 Retail shop 9 Person. car 7 reefer truck COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  25. Map : V. Guilbault COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  26. Map : V. Guilbault COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  27. Steps 1 (collecting milk from the farms) & 2 (yogurt factory) • Energy consumed in these steps have been estimated with one single company. • For collecting milk : total consumption of the fleet / tonage = 3.5 l. /t. of milk. • More milk is needed and bought with higher energy consumption :9.1 l. / t. • On average : 6 goe/ kg of yogurt • For producing yogurt : 74 goe /kg COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  28. Yogurt Supply chain : Steps 3, 5 & 7 : road transport • Haulage Energy consumption / 100 km = f (total vehicle weight) • Total weight = empty weight + load • Count for empty distance • Reefer energy consumption = f (time) • Energy consumption /kg yogurt = Total consumption per travel / net weight COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  29. Yogurt Supply chain : Steps 4 & 6 : Warehousing • Determine the products ‘ equivalent to yogurt’ & their surface S in the warehouse • Estimate with the Warehouse manager • Energy cons. of this surface / year (Es) • tonage on this surface / year (Ts) • Warehouse energy / yogurt kg = Es / Ts COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  30. Yogurt Supply chain : Step 8 : retail shops • Energy for the yogurt surface in the shop • general energy /m2 of surface • + reefer for yogurt coolers (display units) • Retail energy /kg yogurt = Total ‘yogurt place energy’ / net yogurt weight sold • An important step for energy COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  31. Yogurt Supply chain : Step 9 : customer travel • The main objective is to differentiate the shop types ; many problems arise • Temporarily our method is : • Only car travels are counted, only 1 way • Average distance & average purchase weight (basket) are estimated with the shop managers and from national studies • Energy/ yogurt kg = energy of the average travel / average purchase weight COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  32. Yogurt Supply chain analysis • Comparing the consumption per step (retail shop, warehousing). • Relative importance of each logistical step in the total energy consumption of a supply chain : transport, warehouse, retail, last km. • Comparing the total energy consumption of the different types of supply chain. COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  33. Possible convergences with WATCH WG 2 & 3 • WATCH general objective is to analyse changes in behaviour • WG1 is on freight : behaviour = logistical choices • we should also consider the possible evolutions of these choices COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  34. Possible convergences with WATCH WG 2 • With WG2 ( car ownership and car use ) possible convergences on land use • What type of retail shop (size & location) is more energy efficient • Influence of the town (size & density) and • Land use COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

  35. Convergence with WATCH WG3 • WG3 is on traveller national surveys. Freight analysis and surveys are late compared with traveller : • How to observe « freight behaviour » ? (several possible stakeholders for the shipment : more for the supply chain) • How to observe (or prepare an observation of) the changes in behaviour ? COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

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