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This section analyzes the role of television in shaping American public opinion during the Cold War, particularly regarding Joseph McCarthy's activities. The rise of McCarthyism, characterized by unsubstantiated accusations of communism, leveraged the nation’s anxieties about communism. Initially seen as a way to ignite McCarthy's political career, his tactics ultimately backfired during televised hearings, leading to a loss of public support and his eventual censure. Additionally, the Eisenhower Doctrine and key events such as the Suez Crisis and the launch of Sputnik highlight the geopolitical tensions of the era.
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U.S. History Chapter 26 Section 4 EssentialQuestion:What role did television play in the domestic reaction the Cold War?
Joseph McCarthy • Republican Senator from Wisconsin • Thought of as an ineffective politician • Needed a “winning” issue to be reelected in 1952 • McCarthy falsely charged that communists were taking over the U.S. government
McCarthyism 2ndRed Scare • McCarthy makes one unsupported claim of communist activity after another • McCarthyism: The unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providingevidence • Takes advantage the country’s concerns about communism during the cold war • Claimed 205 communists worked for state department, never produced one name
End of McCarthyism • In 1954 McCarthy accused the U.S. Army of sympathizing with communists • In a televised hearing McCarthy bullied witnesses and lost public support • McCarthy was later censured for “improper” conduct • Eventually lost his Senate seat
Dwight Eisenhower & John Foster Dulles • Anti-Communists Secretary of State under Eisenhower. • Proposes the policy of brinkmanship. • Eisenhower elected President after Truman.
Warsaw Pact • Formed by the Soviet Union and their E. European satellites when W. Germany rearms and joins NATO. • Warsaw Pact is an alliance just like NATO
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots” Middle East: • 1953 CIA sponsored coup in Iran P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.. • Goal: keep the P.M. from getting help($) from Soviets. CIA installs the Shah as new leader of Iran. • 1956 Suez Crisis. • 1958 Civil War in Lebanon • 1960 OPEC formed
Eisenhower Doctrine • What event leads to the Eisenhower Doctrine? Soviet support of Egypt during the Suez Crisis • To balance out rising Soviet influence the U.S. issues the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957. • Eisenhower Doctrine: The U.S. will defend the Middle East from attack by any Communist country. • President has the authority to use armed forces at his discretion to combat communist aggression.
The Suez Crisis • Egypt strengthens ties to the Soviets in order to combat rising western influence. • U.S. & G.B. withdraw help, Egypt seizes control of the British & French owned Suez Canal. • Britain, France, & Israel invade Egypt. • Soviets threaten to get involved. • U.S. backs Britain, France, & Israel. • Direct confrontation seemed unavoidable. • The U.N. steps in and imposes a cease fire. • Canal reopens in 1957 under Egyptian management.
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots” Latin America: • 1948 O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration. • 1954 CIA covert ops. in Guatemala. • 1950s Puerto Rican independence movement. • 1959 Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba. CIA appoints new dictator sympathetic to the U.S.
Sputnik I • Launched by the Soviets in 1957 • First man-made object to orbit the Earth • Traveled around the globe once every 96 minutes • What was the American reaction to Sputnik?
The U-2 Incident • After rejection of open skies, the CIA begins to make secret high altitude flights over U.S.S.R. to spot ICBM • Soviets shoot down plane • U.S. denies involvement, later admits truth
