Connectors I-Subordinating conjunctions II-Coordinating conjunctions III-Transitions

1. ConnectorsI-Subordinating conjunctionsII-Coordinating conjunctionsIII-Transitions

2. Subordinating conjunctions: • Adjective clauses: who, whom, which, that, whose, when, where • Adverb clauses: time: before, after, as soon as, since, until, while, whenever reason: as, because, since condition: as if, even if, if, unless contrast: although, even though, despite the fact that, whereas purpose: in order that, so that manner: as if, as though

3. A complex sentence adds a subordinate clause to a simple sentence. The subordinate clause is called a dependent clause while the simple sentence is called the independent clause.

4. Use subordinating conjunctions:Robert wanted to study at Harvard.His parents preferred Yale.We ate a large lunch.We had skipped breakfast.Computers are an important part of many people’s lives.Some people in the world have never seen one.

5. Coordinating conjunctions • For: reason, means because • And: connects 2 sentences with similar ideas (positive/ negative) • Nor: connects 2 negative sentences with inverted word order • But: connects 2 sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas • Or: connects 2 sentences that express alternatives or choices • Yet:surprise • so: connects a reason and a result

6. Coordinating conjunctions Join two main clauses. They come between the clauses and are preceded by a comma

7. A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating word or by a semicolon.

8. Addition: My father loves kitchen gadgets, and he buys a new one every week.Contrast: A few of the gadgets are useful, but most of them just take up space.Result: We ran out of space for them in the kitchen, so he started to store them in the living room.Choice: My mother asked my father to please stop buying gadgets, or she would throw them out.Surprise: Of course, Dad came home the next week with three new ones, yet Mom wasn’t upset.Reason:Maybe she realized that buying little gadgets is harmless, for none of them cost a lot of money.Addition (negative): After all, he doesn’t buy sports cars, nor does he bring home a new yacht every week.

9. Japanese food is delicious to eat, and ___________________.Do you prefer living alone, or ___________________________.

10. Paired coordinating conjunctions • Both … and - addition • Not only… but (also) - addition • Either … or – positive choices • Neither … nor – negative choices

11. Content connected by coordinating conjunctions must be parallel. They must belong to the same grammatical category. (e.g. adjective, adverb, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive or gerund phrase).

12. The Italian film Life Is Beautiful made me both laugh and cry. It contained not only comic butalso tragic scenes.Either my father or my mother will meet me at the airport.Neither my father nor my mother will meet me at the airport.

13. I don’t like country western music, nor …Interest rates continued to rise, yet…The children were hungry, but…We decided to go shopping, for…The hurricane was approaching, so…

14. Use appropriate conjunctions:The skier broke his leg.He couldn’t compete in the Olympics.Butter is very expensive. Most people buy margarine.Taking the bus is cheaper than driving.It conserves energy.Robert is a lazy student.He misses a lot of classes.

15. Use paired coordinating conjunctions:Say something constructive.Don’t say anything at all (either …or)Americans pay income tax.They are charged high sales taxes in some states. (not only…, but also)He didn’t ask for permission.He didn’t give me an explanation of his action. (neither…,nor)

16. Using …Too or SoSubject + auxiliary + tooI can dance the Tango, and my husbandcan tooSo + auxiliary + subjectI can dance the Tango, and so canmy husband.

17. Using… Not either or NeitherSubject + modal + not + eitherThe teacher isn’t here, and the students aren’t either. Neither + modal + subject The teacher isn’t here, and neither are the students.

18. (not either) - I don’t have my book.Claudia doesn’t have her book.(too)- John has been to South America.Karen has been to South America.(so )- My nephew lost his passport.My sister lost her passport.(Neither)- You haven’t done your homework.I haven’t done my homework.

19. TransitionsA transition word can be used with a semicolon to make clearer the relationship between the two sentences.

20. Transitions • Result: as a result, consequently, therefore, thus • Contrast : however, on the other hand, nonetheless, nevertheless • Time: before that, after that, meanwhile, afterward, first • Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition • Condition: otherwise • Exemplification: for example, for instance

21. You must use a semicolon (;)before and a comma (,) after the transition word to join it and its clause to another independent clause.His first class begins at 8 AM;therefore,he leaves home at 7:30 AM to get there on time.

22. Use transitionsPeople should exercise regularly.They will get out of shape.I would like to take an English literature course. I haven’t had the prerequisites yet.Working part time gives you more free time.You don’t earn as much money asfull time workers do.

23. The end!