Reflection and the Wave Function

1. v 0 v  max v  max v 0 Reflection and the Wave Function A wave is nothing else but the linear motion of a quantity of mass which is reflected without loss between two fixed points-planes. Due to the continuity of space this mass is connected with other masses and the motion is transmitted to them and a wave, i.e., two semicircles displaced by one diameter, is formed. The distance between the two fixed planes determines the amplitude of the wave, which amplitude is a measure of its mass. Therefore the amplitude of a wave with infinite mass will be infinite. Note also that the equilibrium to maximum displacement ratio between movement in any of the two opposite directions is 1:2, and that the maximum velocity is achieved at the equilibrium points (reflection at 450), so the equivalence of being stationary and moving linearly at constant speed.

2. proton-neutron electron electron Stretched and Shrunken Space As space-mass moves forward and backward is being stretched(blue) and shrinks (red),at a ratio1:2, relative to the equilibrium position. The stretchedspace is thehigh frequency/high energylocation, e.g., theproton-neutron pairin thenucleus of an atom, or thesolid ironinner coreof the Earth, or thegalactic super-clusters, and the shrunkenspace thelow frequency location whereseemingly ‘free’ entitiesform the so-calledplasma, e.g.,electron cloud, or thefluid like “plasma”of theouter core, orthe planets around theSun.

3. s p Atomic Structure Conventionally atomic orbital is the volume containing all the points within a “free” atom at which the wave function of an electron has an appreciable magnitude, thus forming the electron “cloud”- plasma (grey). Lobes are the arms of an orbital that extent out from the solidnucleus (black). They occur on all orbitals except for the s orbital, which actually represents the stability of the wave function. The lobes are regions that will locate an electron 90% of the time. However, the majority of the time the electron will be located in the outside tips of the lobes, i.e., at450, which actually is the equilibrium and therefore the most stable position.

4. Seismic Wave Velocity Increases with Depth If the seismic wave velocities gradually increase with depth in the Earth, the waves will continually be refracted along curved pathsthat curve back toward the Earth's surface, i.e., refracted outward. Except for deviations due to the mechanical properties of the core, this is exactly what is observed.

5. (b) (a) P and S Waves Shadow Zone • At the mantle-core boundary at 2900 km it was observed that the P-waves are refracted inward as a result of the sudden decrease in velocity at the outer core, and the subsequent increase in the inner core, as they are refracted outward again. This zone is called a P-wave shadow zone. • The S-wave shadow zone occurs because no S-waves reach the area on the opposite side of the Earth from the focus, and it implies that no S-waves pass through the core. From this it is deduced that the S-wave shadow zone is best explained by a “liquid” outer core.

6. Indirect P and S Waves Cross section of the whole Earth, showing the complexity of paths of earthquake waves. The paths curve because the different rock types found at different depths change the speed at which the waves travel. Solid lines marked P are compressional waves; dashed lines marked S are shear waves. S waves do not travel through the core but may be converted to compressional waves (marked K) on entering the core (PKP, SKS). Waves may be reflected at the surface (PP, PPP, SS). (USGS)

7. Grand Scale Isotropy – Local Scale Anisotropy The highly isotropic nature of the cosmic background radiation indicates that the early stages of the Universe were almost completely uniform. This raises two problems for the big bang theory. First, when we look at the microwave background coming from widely separated parts of the sky it can be shown that these regions are too separated to have been able to communicate with each other even with signals traveling at light velocity. Thus, how did they know to have almost exactly the same temperature? This general problem is called the horizon problem. Second, the present Universe is homogenous and isotropic, but only on very large scales. For scales the size of superclusters and smaller the luminous matter in the universe is quite lumpy, as illustrated in the figure(University of Tennessee).Even its proponents wonder!!! The voids and "walls" that form the large-scale structure are mapped here by 11,000 galaxies. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is at the center. The outer radius is at a distance of approximately 450 million light-years.

8. Inflationary… (a) (b) (a) INFLATING BALLOON  is a good analogy for understanding the expansion of the universe(S.T. Note: in the context of the standard model). The galaxies on the surface of the balloon are effectively at rest, and yet as the universe expands,the distance between any two galaxies increases. The galaxies themselves do not increase in size. (Charles H. Lineweaver and Tamara M. Davis, Scientific American, March 2005). (b) According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (S.T. Note: in which everything existed in its present form !!!). Since then, space itself has expanded with the passage of time, carrying the galaxies with it(Wikipedia).

9. …Baloney Physicists claim that at temperature up to a trillion degrees nuclear material melts into an extremely low viscosity exotic form of matter called a quark-gluon plasma – thought to have been the state of the universe a microsecond after the Big Bang. Recreating this primordial soup is the primary purpose of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. After five years of data, it appears as if RHIC may have succeeded.But a big mystery looms over the detection: the putative plasma explodes more violentlythan predicted.(Michael Schirber - SPACE com - 21March 2005).

10. b a c No Need for Big Bang andInflating Balloon The Big Bang has no center (Edward L. Wright, 1997). It is not an explosion radiating from a point. In an explosion you get an expanding spherical shell of fragments (a). This shell has both an outer and an inner edge, and these can be used to locate the position of the explosion. But,since observers on the surface of the balloon(?)can only measure relative velocities, the velocities seen by A(b) are the vector difference between the velocity of A as seen by B and the velocity of A as seen by B, and vice versa (c). There is no center because all positions in the Universe are equivalent, sincethe Universe is isotropic and homogeneous, and therefore infinite.InZ∞ Euclidean Space, no needfora metaphysical Big-Bang and inflating immaterial balloon, but for a reasonable mechanism as to how stretching occurs in a flat, material, continuous and infinite space!