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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science

This introductory chapter explores the essence of science, including its nature and methodology. Readers will learn how to organize and analyze data using various graphical representations: line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts. Key concepts like scientific notation, significant figures, accuracy, and precision are clearly explained. Additionally, techniques for interpreting graphs and understanding outliers, means, medians, and modes are discussed. This comprehensive overview serves as a solid foundation for further exploration in the field of science.

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Science 1.1 The Nature of Science 1.2 The Way Science Works 1.3 Organizing Data

  2. Vocabulary • Scientific Notation • Precision • Significant figures • Accuracy

  3. Line Graphs • Line Graphs: best for showing data that changes • x-axis: independent variable (bottom of graph) • y-axis: dependent variable (side of graph)

  4. Bar Graphs • Bar Graphs: useful for comparing data for several individual items • Makes large or small differences in data very clear

  5. Pie Chart • Pie Chart:useful for displaying data that are parts of a whole • Add up to 1 or 100%

  6. Parts of a Graph • Title of Graph • Label axis/pie chart • UNITS! • All data • Zero (on line and bar graphs) • Set up EQUAL divisions

  7. Analyzing Data from Graphs • Outliers: data that is abnormally high or low • Unusual or rare data • Mean: the average (add up all data points and divide by total number of data points)

  8. Analyzing Data from Graphs • Median: number in the middle when data is displayed from least to greatest • Mode: the data that shows up the most often

  9. Significant Figures (aka “sig figs”) • Rules for Sig Figs: • Non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant • Any zeros between sig figs ARE significant • A final zero or trailing zero in the decimal portion ONLY are significant

  10. Sig Fig Examples • How many sig figs are in each number? • 3.0800 • 0.00418 • 7.09 x 10-5 • 91,600 • 0.003005 • 3.200 x 109 • 250 • 780,000,000 • 0.0101 • 0.00800

  11. Significant Figures in calculations: • When you +, -, ×, or ÷, your answer should only be as precise as the least precise measurement in the calculation

  12. Sig Figs • Example: A gummy bear has the dimensions of 1.34 cm long, 0.82 cm wide, and 1.0 cm high. Find the volume of the gummy bear with the correct # of sig figs. (Remember: V = l × w × h)

  13. Scientific Notation • Why? So scientists can easily express numbers that are very large or very small. • What? A simple number (1 or greater AND less than 10) multiplied by a power of 10 • Examples: • 6.24 × 106 • 2.1 × 10-2

  14. Scientific Notation • How? • Using original number, move decimal so that the number is one or greater and less than 10. • Count how many places the decimal was moved.

  15. Scientific Notation • If the number you started with is greater than 1, the exponent is POSITIVE • If the number you started with is less than 1, the exponent is NEGATIVE • Scientific notation can be reversed to write the number in standard form again.

  16. Accuracy vs. Precision • Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value • Precision: how exact a measurement is

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