BIRTH OF MODERN POWER AND AUTHORITY D. Held, ‘The Development of the Modern State’, in Modernity: An Introduction to Mod

1. BIRTH OF MODERN POWER AND AUTHORITY D. Held, ‘The Development of the Modern State’, in Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies, 63-71 G. Poggi, The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospects GÇ

2. Types of Divided Authority in pre-modern Europe Space & Time feudalism 8th to 14th cnt.s) It is a political system of overlapping and divided authority (?) The polity of estates/ Standeestadt late 12th and early 14th cnt.s Post-feudal system of rule draw attention to a number of larger territories in which succesful rulers created new kinds of political relations (?) with various elements of the society (?) 17thcentury Absolutist States (monarchies) Absolutism and constitutionalism Modern State

3. Rise of the CAROLINGIANS and the idea of FOLLOWERSHIP Space & Time The type of the rule that the Carolingians sought to operate (8th century) • Left overs of the Roman Empire • Militaristic culture • Institutions of Germanic tribal people

4. Rise of the CAROLINGIANS and the idea of FOLLOWERSHIP Space & Time • The vertical structure of ruling • The reliance on the bishoprics and abbeys • Relationship of 'Gefolgshaft' / 'follower': a personal bond of mutual loyalty and affection between a warrior chief and his close associates, his trusted companions in honor, adventure, and leadership. The type of the rule that the Carolingians sought to operate:

5. Institutional traits of followership Commendatio. This was originally a highly skewedrelationship whereby an inferior (though normally free) party entrusted himself to the protection of a superior, powerful one, and assumed toward him duties of submission (if not outright subjection) and, when necessary, of personal aid. Beneficium (fief). This was a grant of rights, chiefly to lands but including the land’s population (slave, serf, or free) and agricultural appurtenances, intended to supply the material needs of an individual or community taking charge of some ecclesiastical or governmental responsibility. Immunitas. Here the household and possessions of an individual or a collectivity (the latter generally ecclesiastical) became exempt from the fiscal, military, and judicial powers normally exercised by the holder of a public office over the territory including them. “(Poggi, p.20)

6. The Vertical Relationship of Rule • A ruler or lord or king (primus inter pares) • appointed by his followers and the vassi (vassal, servant) • On the basis of his military and strategic skills Privileges and Protection Immunitas Warriors Loyalty and homage Military service Income Fief (beneficium) People (serfs, slaves)

7. divided authority The main trend through most of the feudal period was the fragmenting of each large system of rule into many smaller and increasingly autonomous system/plural, overlapping jurisdictions:

8. Decline of feudalism -divided authority-depersonalization of the commendatio relationship: the hereditary character of vassals and their fiefsweakened the appeal to the mutual loyalty linked by a commendatio

9. Decline of Feudalism • The center of political gravity shifted towards ever narrower and more locally rooted centers of rule, which grew increasingly independent of one another. • Problems of coordination • Crises of order • Recurrent and anarchic violence

10. Polity of Estates (12-14th cnt.s)-Dualism • “It was: • the entry of the towns into politics, • the shift in the balance of power between the territorial ruler and the feudatories in favor of the former, • and the change in the terms and structures of the feudal element’s participation in the wider system of rule • that marked the rise of the Polity of Estates (Standestaat).” (Poggi,42-43)

11. Polity of Estates “…..the Polity of Estates differed from the feudal system essentially in being more institutionalizedin its operations, in having an explicit territorial reference, and in being dualistic, since it confronted the ruler with the Estates and associated the two elements in rule as distinct power centers”. (Poggi, 48)

12. Absolutist System of Rule- Towards centralization Absolutism signalled a new form of state based on:-absorbtion of smaller and weaker political units into larger and stronger political structures (uniformity)-a strengthened ability to rule over a unified territorial area (sovereignity and territory)-a tightened system of law and order enforced througout a territory (law and territory)-the application of a more unitary, continous, calculable and effective rule by a single sovereign head (administrative power)

13. Absolutist System of Rule Why shift to absolutism?-struggles between elites-peasant rebellions-renaissance -changes in military technology-religious conflicts

14. Modern States Modern states are nation-states,- political apparatuses, distinct from both ruler and ruled, with a supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated territorial area, backed by a claim to a monopoly of coercive power, and enjoying a minimum level of support or loyalty from their citizens. TerritorialityControl of means of violenceImpersonal structure of powerLegitimacyRule of law