Ensuring Consistency in Grayscale Image Presentation Across Devices

1. Consistent Presentation of Images R. Horn, Research Scientist (robert.horn@agfa.com) G. Claeys, Technology Manager (geert.claeys@agfa.com) Agfa Healthcare

2. The Grayscale Image Presentation Problem: The appearance of grayscale images displayed on different types of softcopy display devices or printed on different types of hardcopy output devices has often been inconsistent.

3. The Grayscale Consistency Problem: • Optimal image viewing parameters (e.g. window/ level) selected on one device appear different when displayed on a different device • Device capabilities/ characteristics vary - the same number of gray levels cannot be rendered or perceived on different devices • Displayed images look different from printed images • …other

4. Problems of Inconsistency • VOI chosen on one display device • Rendered on another with different display • Mass expected to be seen is no longer seen mass visible mass invisible Slide Provided by David Clunie, Quintiles Intelligent Imaging

5. 0.5 1.0 • Not all display levelsare perceivable on alldevices 1.5 3.0 Problems of Inconsistency Slide Provided by David Clunie, Quintiles Intelligent Imaging

6. Digital Modality Laser Printer Problems of Inconsistency • Printed images don’t looklike displayed images Slide Provided by David Clunie, Quintiles Intelligent Imaging

7. Causes of Inconsistency • Gamut of device • Minimum/maximum luminance/density • Characteristic curve • Mapping digital input to luminance/density • Shape • Linearity • Ambient light or illumination

8. Solution of the problem • Device independent reference space • Same for hardcopy + softcopy devices • Perceptual linear reference space • Equal distances in reference space are perceived by human visual system as equal distances • Unit : JND (Just Noticable Difference)

9. Device calibration • Compensates the non-linearity of display device • Establish linear relation between • Input Digital Driving Level (DDL) and • Output Luminance (softcopy) or OD (hardcopy) • Inverse of characteristic curve • Characteristic curve • Characteristic curve = inherent device characteristic

10. Monitor Characteristic Curve Monitor Characteristic Curve Luminance 100 10 0.1 Ambient Light 0.01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Digital Driving Level Slide Provided by David Clunie, Quintiles Intelligent Imaging

11. Printer Calibration Tools (Densitometer)

12. Display Calibration Tools (Photometer) Slide Provided by Jerry Gaskill, Image Smiths Inc.

13. Perceptual Linearization : • Compensates the contrast sensitivity of human visual system • Grayscale Standard Display Function • Input: Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) • Output: absolute luminance • Barten’s model • Described in DICOM Part 14

14. Grayscale Standard Display Function Despite different change in absolute luminance 1000 100 10 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 .1 .01 JND Index Same number of Just Noticeable Difference == Same perceived contrast Grayscale Standard Display Function Slide Provided by David Clunie, Quintiles Intelligent Imaging

15. Perceptual linear device • Apply • Grayscale Standard Display function : • JND -> Luminance (or OD) • Inverse characteristic curve • Luminance (or OD) -> DDL

16. Mapping P-Values to Input of Characteristic Curve (DDL’s) 300 250 200 DDL 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 P-Values Perceptual linear device - LUT Slide Provided by David Clunie, Quintiles Intelligent Imaging

17. DICOM & Consistent Presentation of Images • DICOM Image Transformation Model, including Presentation Look Up Table • Grayscale Softcopy Presentation State

18. DICOM Grayscale Image Transformation Model Rescale Slope/Intercept or Modality LUT Window/Level or VOI LUT Presentation LUT Presentation LUT Transformation Original Image M o d a l i t y M a s k V O I L U T L U T Grayscale Transformations ( S u b t r a c t i o n ) T r a n s f o r m a t i o n T r a n s f o r m a t i o n S h u t t e r P-Values Display T r a n s f o r m a t i o n I m a g e D i s p . A r e a S p a t i a l Shutter, Annotation and Spatial Transformations T r a n s f o r m a t i o n A n n o t a t i o n A n n o t a t i o n e

19. Grayscale Softcopy Presentation State • Describes the Grayscale Image Transformation Model • GSPS links to one or more images (Series, filters); stored using same Study Instance UID (same Storage SOP Class!) • Uses regular Storage services (C-STORE); uses Query/Retrieve services • GSPS SOP Instances are immutable: changes require a new SOP Instance UID

20. Example: A Radiologist “Flips” Chest XRAY Image on Softcopy Display

21. Example Continued: Radiologist Magnifies Chest XRAY Image, Pans to Upper Right Hand Quadrant and Adds an Annotation Suspected area

22. Example Continued: Referring Physician Views the Original Image… Radiologist: Suspected area Referring Physician: Radiologist Should Store the Viewing Parameters Using GSPS!

23. IE Module Usage Patient Patient M Study General Study M Patient Study U Series General Series M Presentation Series M Equipment General Equipment M Presentation Presentation State M Modality LUT C - Required if to be applied Mask C - Required if multi-frame and to be applied VOI LUT C - Required if to be applied Softcopy Presentation LUT M Graphic Annotation C - Required if to be applied Spatial Transformation C - Required if rotation, flipping or magnification are to be applied Displayed Area M Display Shutter C - Required if to be applied and the Bitmap Display Shutter Module is not present Bitmap Display Shutter C - Required if to be applied and the Display Shutter Module is not present Overlay Plane C - Required if to be applied or the BM Displ. Shutter Module is present Overlay/Curve Activation C- Required if image contains curve or overlay which is to be displayed Graphic Layer C - Required if Graphic Annotation or Overlays or Curves are to be applied SOP Common M GSPS Module Table:

24. What about color ? • Consistency is harder to achieve • Gamut of devices much more variable • Greater influence of psychovisual effects • Extensive standards efforts e.g. ICC • DICOM recently defined color presentation in a manner very similar to grayscale. • Many display and print devices already have ICC profiles, but few medical imaging devices support color presentation state.

25. Color Presentation State • Final Text in June 2005, Supplement 100 • Color Presentation State • Based on ICC Color Profiles • Provides consistent color for color images • Also defined consistent color mechanisms for other objects using color, by defining a relationship to ICC profiles.

26. Conclusions • Consistent Presentation is Provided by • Device calibration, using GSDF and characteristic curve • Use of Presentation LUT for Grayscale Print • Use GSPS SOP Instances to capture the presentation of softcopy images. • Devices that claim conformance to the IHE Consistent Presentation of Grayscale Images provide these functions.

27. Thank You