Ch.3 THE BIOSPHERE

1. Ch.3 THE BIOSPHERE CPI Biology Tyska Holliston HS

2. 3-1 What is Ecology?Interactions and Interdependence • ________________: study of interactions between organisms and surroundings • ________________: the entire planet in which all life exists • land, water, air & atmosphere • 8km above Earth + 11km below ocean surface

3. Levels of Organization • ______________________: group of organisms that breeds and produces fertile offspring • _______________________: groups of a species living in the same area • ______________________: different populations living in the same area • _______________________: organisms in a place, along with nonliving environment • _______________________: group of ecosystems within the same climate

4. Ecological Methods Scientists conduct modern ecological research to study the living world using three basic approaches: • ______________: (ex)What species live here? • ______________: used to test hypothesis • ______________: make models to study complex phenomena (ex) global warming; predictions from models tested further

5. 3-2 ENERGY FLOWMajor factor determining an ecosystem’s ability to sustain life PRODUCERS • _________________: main energy source for life on Earth (only <1% used!) • ___________________ORGANISMS: rely on energy stored in inorganic compounds (instead of sun energy) • _____________________________ (aka producers): use sun energy or chemical energy to make their own food

6. Energy from the Sun light energy 6 H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C2H12O6 Carbon Dioxide Water Oxygen Glucose OVERALL EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS A process in which autotrophs take in light energy and convert CO2 + water into O2 + carbohydrates. (ex) _________________________ _____________________________

7. Life Without Light • _________________________: chemical energy used to make carbohydrates; carried out by autotrophs that make food without light CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA that live in the deep sea vents use sulfur compounds as a source of energy to make food.

8. Consumers ________________(aka consumers): acquire energy and food from other organisms; many different types: • _______________________: eat plants (ex) cows/deer • _______________________: eat animals (ex) snakes/dog • _______________________: eat both (ex) humans/bears • _______________________: eat dead matter (detritus) (ex) earthworms/crabs • _______________________: break down organic matter (ex) bacteria/fungi

9. Feeding Relationships • ___________________: moves in one direction in an ecosystem Sun or inorganic compounds  autotrophs  heterotrophs • ______________RELATIONSHIP: organisms connected by networks based on who eats whom • ______________________:series of steps where organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten

10. FOOD CHAINS • shows _______-way flow of energy in an ecosystem • energy passed from producers to four different groups of consumers

11. Food Webs & Trophic Levels • _____________________: feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem that links all the food chains together • _______________________: each step in a food chain • 1ST LEVEL = producers • 2ND , 3RD, 4TH, LEVELS = consumers

12. A Food Web in a Salt Marsh • Producers = algae, pickle weed, marsh grass • Herbivores = mussel, zooplankton, sandhopper, grasshopper, mouse • 1st Level Carnivore = heron, fish, clapper rail, shrew, mouse • Top-Level Carnivore = marsh hawk

13. Ecological Pyramids • Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web; three different types • ___________ PYRAMID • ___________ PYRAMID • PYRAMID OF ________

14. 1) ENERGY PYRAMID _________ of energy from one trophic level is transferred to next trophic level Most energy is used by organisms for life processes like movement, reproduction& respiration.

15. 2) BIOMASS PYRAMID • __________: total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level • Represents amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem

16. 3) PYRAMID OF NUMBERS • represents number of individual organisms at each trophic level (ex) meadow ecosystem • EXCEPTIONS! A forest ecosystem has more consumers than producers  numbers would not be in a pyramid shape!

17. 3-3 CYCLES OF MATTER Recycling in the Biosphere • Organisms need more than energy to live…four elements make up >95%: ____________________________ • BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: recycling of elements, chemical compounds and other forms are matter between organisms (ex) the water cycle

18. THE WATER CYCLEAll organisms need water to live!! • ON LAND: ground water, runoff, rivers, streams, lakes, oceans  enters plants through roots • IN THE ATMOSPHERE: water enters the air as water vapor via… • ________________________: process where water changes from liquid to gas • ________________________: water evaporation from leaves of plants

19. The Water Cycle

20. THE WATER CYCLE • …AND THE BACK TO EARTH!!: water vapor returns to the land • ____________________: process where water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds • ____________________: water in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail The cycle begins anew…

21. NUTRIENT CYCLES • ___________________: all the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life • Three Types of Nutrient Cycles that pass & recycle elements between organisms: • _____________ cycle • _____________ cycle • _____________ cycle

22. 1) THE CARBON CYCLE Why is Carbon so important? • It is a key element in living tissue (skeleton), rocks, the atmosphere (CO2), and in photosynthesis & respiration • _________IN THE ATMOSPHERE from: • volcanic activity • respiration • human activities: mining, burning fossil fuels, burning forests

23. CO2 in Atmosphere The Carbon Cycle CO2 in Ocean

24. THE CARBON CYCLE • CARBON ON LAND: • CaCO3 calcium carbonate found in animal skeleton & in rocks • decomposition of organic matter  conversion into coal & fossil fuels • plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis to make carbohydrates  passed to consumers in food webs • CARBON IN THE OCEAN: • found in ocean as dissolved CO2 • CaCO3 calcium carbonate found in marine organisms • erosion of rocks into ocean

25. THE NITROGEN CYCLE Why is Nitrogen so important? • It is needed to make amino acids which are then used to make proteins. • NITROGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE: • Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atm. • _____________________________: conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas by soil bacteria (return N2 to air)

26. N2 in Atmos. The Nitrogen Cycle NO3- and NO2- NH3 The Nitrogen Cycle

27. THE NITROGEN CYCLE • NITROGEN ON LAND: • Ammonia (NH3), nitrates (NO3-) and nitrites (NO2-) found in waste products & dead, decaying matter • Human activity: nitrates in plant fertilizers • __________________________: the ability of bacteria that live on plant roots to convert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia  then converted to nitrates  used to make proteins

28. 3) THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Why is Phosphorus so important? • It is needed to make DNA and RNA. • Does not enter into the atmosphere. • PHOSPHORUS IN LAND: • found in rock & soil minerals , and ocean sediments  washes into bodies of water • plants absorb phosphate from soil or water  binds it into organic compounds  moves through food web • PHOSPHORUS IN THE OCEAN: • dissolves in rivers, streams, oceans • used by marine organisms

29. The Phosphorus Cycle

30. NUTRIENT LIMITATION • __________________________: rate at which organic matter is created by producers • __________________________: the substance in short supply that will limit an organism’s growth (ex) if no nitrogen, no plant growth  farmers use fertilizers • __________________________: immediate increase in amount of algae because there are more nutrients available so producers grow and reproduce more quickly • If not enough consumers, can be disruptive to and ecosystem