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Understanding Blood Functions, Characteristics, and Types

This chapter explores the vital functions of blood, including transportation of food, oxygen, waste, hormones, and heat regulation. It details the composition of blood, highlighting plasma's role and the various blood cells—erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Additionally, it discusses blood types, the significance of antigens, the mechanism of blood coagulation, and the implications of blood transfusions. Understanding these aspects is crucial for appreciating the complex role blood plays in maintaining health.

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Understanding Blood Functions, Characteristics, and Types

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  1. Chapter 14 Blood

  2. Functions • Transportation • Food and oxygen to cells • Waste from cells • Hormones • Heat from the core to the surface

  3. Blood Characteristics • Plasma = fluid portion of blood. • 55% of the blood’s volume • 90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% acids and salts. • Blood Cells: • Erythrocytes – red blood cells (rbc) (99%) • Leukocytes – white blood cells (.2%) • Thrombocytes – platelets (.6 – 1%)

  4. Blood Characteristics Continued • Blood volume • Varies with age, body type, and sex • Body Fat • decrease in body fat = increase blood volume. • More oxygen to cells = increase energy • About 10-12 pints of blood

  5. Blood Cells • Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) • Appearance • No nucleus or organelles • Concave shape (donut) • Large surface area to carry oxygen • Great elasticity • Abnormalities • Sickle cells – crescent shaped RBC’s • Hemoglobin – molecule in RBC • Contains 4 iron atoms – which allows oxygen to bind • Men carry more than women • Color of blood depends on hemoglobin content

  6. Blood Cells Continued • Erythrocytes • Anemia – the state of having a deficiency of hemoglobin content in RBC’s • Blood doping – increases RBC’s = increase in hemoglobin = more oxygen to cells • Formation of RBC’s – Erythoropoiesis • Mature in red bone marrow • Contain reticulocytes – help doctors diagnose how much blood is being made • Destruction of RBC’s • Live 3-4 months • Cells lining blood vessels phagocytose RBC’s • Iron is recycled in the liver • Bilirubin is formed = yellow pigment • When bilirubin accumulates in liver - jaundice

  7. Homeostatic Mechanism – Keeps RBC’s Constant Normal Red Blood Count Tends to restore Some Factor (Car Wreck) Tissue Hypoxia Increased # of RBC’s Decreased # of RBC’s Increased secretion of erythroprotein by kidney and liver Increased erythropoiesis (rbc production) by red bone marrow Hormone

  8. Blood Cells Continued • Leukocytes (White blood cells) • Appearance • Five types in body – lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils • Function • Fight infection • Phagocytosis – ingest and digest microbes • Formation • In red bone marrow or lymphatic tissue • Life span not known (3-12 days or 3-6 months)

  9. Blood Cells Continued • Platelets • Appearance • Colorless, irregular spindles or oval disks • Function • Hemostasis – stopping of blood flow to area • Clotting – plugging up ruptured vessels • Formation • In red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen • About a 10 day life span

  10. Blood Types • A person’s blood type depends on the type of antigen on the RBC membrane • Type A – antigen A on RBC • Type B – antigen B on RBC • Type AB – antigen A and B on RBC (universal recipient) • Type O – no antigen A or B on RBC (universal donor) • Rh-factor = Rh antigen on RBC • Rh-positive = Rh antigen present • Rh-negative = Rh antigen not present

  11. A type of protein

  12. Blood Types Continued • Antigen – stimulates the formation of antibodies (identify and neutralize foreign objects) that combine with antigen to clump cells. It is a type of protein found on the membranes of red blood cells. • Danger in blood transfusions • Plasma never contains antibodies against the antigen present on RBC’s

  13. Blood Types Continued • Anti-Rh antibodies • No blood usually contains this antibody • Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type • Transfusions • Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood • Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad) • Blood mixes at birth – mother’s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother) • During the 2nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

  14. Blood Types Continued

  15. Blood Types Continued • Anti-Rh antibodies • No blood usually contains this antibody • Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type • Transfusions • Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood • Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad) • Blood mixes at birth – mother’s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother) • During the 2nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

  16. Blood Coagulation • Mechanism • Vessel is cut • Bleeding occurs • Platelets aggregate at the site of injury • Formation of a chemical with chemical fibrinogen • Insoluble fibrin is made and tangles with RBC which forms the clot • RBC’s give scab a red/brown color

  17. Blood Coagulation Continued • Opposition of Clotting Mechanism • Smooth surface of blood vessel • Antithrombins – heparin • No thrombin made – no clot

  18. Blood Coagulation Continued • Factors that Hasten Clotting • Rough spot on blood vessel lining • Slow blood flow to area – atherosclerosis • Bed patients must be moved frequently • Clots seem to grow once started • Clinical method • Apply gauze – rough surface • Heat massage

  19. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/aniblood.htm Blood Typing http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14804

  20. Blood Transfusion Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/index.html

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