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Unit 14: Social Psychology

Unit 14: Social Psychology. Introduction. Social Psychology the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Social Thinking. Social thinking involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected.

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Unit 14: Social Psychology

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  1. Unit 14:Social Psychology

  2. Introduction • Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

  3. Social Thinking Social thinking involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected.

  4. Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations • Attribution theorysuggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition. • Was my friend a jerk because she had a bad day or is just a bad person • A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution).

  5. The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error. Example: Someone trips you and you think they did it on purpose because they are mean.

  6. 1. The Effects of Attribution • Social Effects: Happy Couples chalk up an argument to other person having a bad day. Divorced couple could attribute it to the other person just being mean. • Political Effects: how do we explain poverty? Ex. Conservatives tend to attribute social problems to the poor and unemployed. Liberals blame past and present situations. • Workplace Effects managers could attribute poor performance of personal factors.

  7. 1. Effects of Attribution How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it.

  8. Attitudes & Actions If we believe a person is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an unfriendly manner. Attitude: A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events.

  9. Attitudes and Actions • Central route persuasion attitude change path in which interest people focus in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. • Peripheral route persuasion attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

  10. Attitudes and ActionsActions Affect Attitudes • The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon • “start small and build” • the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

  11. Attitudes and ActionsActions Affect Attitudes • Role-Playing Affects Attitudes • Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. • Stanford prison study • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_LKzEqlPto

  12. Social Influence

  13. Conformity and ObedienceGroup Pressure and Conformity • Conformityadjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard • Solomon Asch study • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPEDS-0jMgs

  14. Conformity and ObedienceGroup Pressure and Conformity • Conditions That Strengthen Conformity • One is made to feel incompetent or insecure • Group has at least three people • Group is unanimous • One admires the group’s status • One has made no prior commitment • Others in group observe one’s behavior • One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

  15. Conformity and Obedience • Reasons for Conforming • Normative social influenceresulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval • Informational social influenceresulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality.

  16. Conformity and ObedienceObedience • Obedience https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM • Milgram’s studies on obedience • Procedure • Results • Ethics • Follow up studies

  17. Conformity and ObedienceObedience

  18. Group InfluenceIndividual Behavior in the Presence of Others • Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. • Task difficulty • Expertise effects • Crowding effects

  19. Group InfluenceIndividual Behavior in the Presence of Others • Social LoafingThe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable.

  20. Group InfluenceIndividual Behavior in the Presence of Others • Deindividuation • People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self. • Feel anonymous and aroused. • Explains rioting behaviors.

  21. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group PolarizationGroups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. For example, after a group discussion, people already supportive of a war become more supportive, people with an initial tendency towards racism become more racist and a group with a slight preference for one job candidate will come out with a much stronger preference.

  22. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • GroupthinkGroup members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group. • They are more concerned with group harmony. • Worse in highly cohesive groups. • Challenger explosion

  23. Cultural Influence • Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next • Culture within animals • Culture in humans

  24. Cultural InfluenceVariations Across Cultures • Norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior • Personal spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

  25. The Power of Individuals • Social control vs personal control • Minority influence

  26. Social Relations

  27. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People? • Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. • Stereotypegeneralized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people • Discriminationunjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

  28. PrejudiceSocial Roots of Prejudice • Social Inequalities • Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup • Ingroup“Us” – people with whom we share a common identity. • Ingroup biasthe tendency to favor our own group • Outgroup “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

  29. Aggression • Aggressionany physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. • Frustration-aggression principle the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression

  30. Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

  31. Attraction 5 Factors of Attraction

  32. 1. Proximity • Geographic nearness Mere exposure effect: • Repeated exposure to something breeds liking.

  33. 2. Reciprocal Liking • You are more likely to like someone who likes you. • Except in elementary school!!!!

  34. 3. Similarity • Paula Abdul was wrong- opposites do NOT attract. • Birds of the same feather do flock together. • Similarity breeds content.

  35. 4. Liking through Association • Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction. • I love BBQ, If I see the same waitress every time I go there, I may begin to associate that waitress with the good feelings I get from Larry’s.

  36. 5. Physical Attractiveness • Physically attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more). • They are perceived as healthier, happier, more honest and successful than less attractive counterparts.

  37. AttractionRomantic Love • Passionate lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship • Companionate lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. • Equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. • Self-disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

  38. Altruism • Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others • Bystander Intervention • Diffusion of responsibility • Bystander effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. • Kitty Genovese

  39. Altruism

  40. AltruismThe Norms of Helping • Social exchange theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. • Reciprocity norman expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them. • Social-responsibility norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

  41. Conflict and Peacemaking • Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. • Social trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

  42. Conflict and PeacemakingEnemy Perceptions • Mirror-image perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. • Self-fulfilling prophecy a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

  43. The End of Unit 14and The END OF THE BOOK!!YOU MADE IT!! WHOOP!!

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