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Perception

Perception . The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. 184-186 Visual Capture – the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses. Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt means “an organized whole”

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Perception

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  1. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

  2. 184-186Visual Capture – the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

  3. Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt means “an organized whole” • These psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

  4. Figure-Ground Relationship • The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

  5. Figure – Ground Example

  6. Grouping The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into groups that we understand

  7. Gestalt Principals of Grouping

  8. Localization = Depth Perception. 186-190 • Perceiving distance – babies can do it from the time they are able to crawl • 3-D characteristics Visual Cliff

  9. How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional perception? • Accomodation – lens of eye flat = distant object. Lens thickens = nearby object • Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on two eyes • Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on one eye

  10. Binocular Cues • Binocular Disparity – Slightly different image is cast on the retina of each eye. 2 images different – close to us. • Convergence – the more the eyeballs rotate inwards, closer object perceived to be

  11. Finger Sausage Illusion • Stand or sit still and extend your arms out in front, with your index fingers pointed at each other in front of your face at eye-level. Finger tips should be about 1-inch apart. Now focus your attention beyond your fingers into the distance. Between your fingers you will see a floating finger form in the overlapping region, as illustrated by the image at the left.

  12. Monocular Cues - requires the use of one eye • Relative size – • if we know that two objects are similar in size, the one that looks smaller is farther away.

  13. Monocular Cues • Interposition – • closer object blocks a distant object • if something is blocking our view, we perceive it as closer. A.K.A: Overlap

  14. Monocular Cues • Relative Height – Something above the horizon line in your line of vision is assumed to be further away. • So…below the horizon =higher is fartherAbove horizon: reverse!

  15. Monocular Cues • Relative Motion – • closer objects seem to move faster.

  16. Monocular Cues • Relative Brightness- • closer objects appear brighter

  17. Monocular Cues • Relative Clarity/Aerial Perspective – • hazy object seen as more distant

  18. Monocular Cues • Texture Gradient – • coarse texture = close • Fine texture = far away

  19. Monocular Cues • Linear Perspective – • parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. Closer the lines are, farther it appears to be

  20. Linear Perspective:

  21. Motion Perception and Constancies 190-194

  22. Motion perception -Judged by change in size of retinal image –relative size • Stroboscopic effect (flip book effect) • animation • Rapid series of slightly varying images • Phi phenomenon: holiday lights • Autokinetic Effect (if people stare at a white spotlight in a dark room, it appears to move.)

  23. Phi Phenomenon = perceived motion • An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

  24. Perceptual Constancy • Perceptual Constancy • perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change • Lightness/Brightness • shape • size

  25. Perceptual Constancy • Objects change in our eyes constantly as we or they move….but we are able to maintain content perception • Shape Constancy • Size Constancy • Brightness Constancy

  26. Lightness/Brightness Constancy

  27. Size Constancy

  28. Perceptual Organization – PonzoIllusion- size distance relationship

  29. Moon Illusion • Environmental cues make moon appear larger at horizon than when it is at your zenith. • What monocular cues make moon at horizon seem farther away?

  30. Muller LyerEffect - Two lines are the same size, but humans have tendency to assume that line pointed away from us is longer. We assume object further away is larger.

  31. Perceptual Interpretation • Perceptual Adaptation • (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field • Perceptual Set • a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

  32. Perceptual Set:Schemas • Schemas – a mental web of associations • What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set

  33. What is this?

  34. Perception and the Human Factor • Human Factors Psychology • explores how people and machines interact • explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

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