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Transformations in U.S. Indian Policy: From Peace Efforts to Total War Strategies

The shift in U.S. Indian policy from peace initiatives advocated by Quakers to total war tactics underscored a dramatic change in attitudes towards Native American relations. In the aftermath of the Warren Wagon Train raid, General William T. Sherman transitioned from skepticism of attack claims to endorsing aggressive measures, suggesting the elimination of peace policies and the forcible relocation of tribes onto reservations. The campaigns led by Colonel Ranald Mackenzie and buffalo hunters significantly contributed to the decline of Native American resistance and the buffalo population, radically altering the cultural landscape.

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Transformations in U.S. Indian Policy: From Peace Efforts to Total War Strategies

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  1. Peace policy ends • Quakers had worked for peace • Many complaints were made about Indian raids originating on reservations

  2. Sherman • Called in to investigate attack claims • Felt these were likely exaggerated • After salt creek, he changed his mind

  3. Warren Wagon Train Raid • Settlers began moving onto Kiowa land • Wagon train travelling along Salt Creek got raided • Kiowas killed and wounded many

  4. Site of Warren Wagon train raid

  5. The Media turned the raid into a sensation.It Changes U S Indian policy

  6. Sherman’s decision :Total war • Suggested Peace policy be eliminated • Indians should be forced onto reservations • Elimination of buffalo would encourage this http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_F_ZyVOpu07M/TCbrd8Qzj7I/AAAAAAAAByk/jlMX9wCvimo/s1600/gen-william-t-sherman2.jpg

  7. Arrests • Satanta told Indian agent Lawrie Tatum that he had led the Salt Creek raid..... • .....he, Big Tree and Satank were arrested

  8. Indian Country Settled Texas

  9. Colonel Ranald Mackenzie • Civil War veteran • Daring, aggressive, persistent • Resourceful • Respected • Shared his men's hardships • Known as “four-fingers” by Indians due to war wounds

  10. Mackenzie’s 1871-1872 campaign • Colonel Ranald Mackenzie • U. S. Army vs. Kickapoos, Apaches • Massive damage to Indian horses, food, homes and other supplies • Indian raids into south Texas virtually end.

  11. The slaughter of the buffalo.... http://www.buffalosoldier.net/Rath%27s&Wright%27sBuffaloHideYardwith40,000hides1878.jpg

  12. Charles Rath • Early leader among buffalo hunters in Texas • Developed the market for buffalo hides

  13. John and J. Wright Mooar www.depts.ttu.edu/.../john_wesley_Mooar.html • Mooar Brothers • Among earliest to promote Buffalo hunting • Helped establish buffalo products market • This eliminated the North Texas Herd by 1873 • The hide hunters began moving onto the plains

  14. How buffalo were used by Whites • Leather • Machinery belts • Robes • Meat • Bone for fertilizer

  15. ....this did not make peace easier

  16. The attack on Adobe Walls 1874 www.marcusamerman.com/creations/QuanahParker.html • Quanah Parker vs. Buffalo hunters • Buffalo hunters on Comanche land • Buffalo hunters win and continue extermination of buffalo

  17. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1874 • Quanah Parker vs. Mackenzie • Preemptive attack by US • Comanches defeated, • Many horses, homes and supplies destroyed • most Comanche bands move to reservations

  18. The end? • Winter of 1874 was amazingly harsh • By 1875, only Quanah's Kwahadies remained free. • They surrendered in June, 1875 at Fort Sill, Indian territory (OK) • He was the last Comanche War Chief

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