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FRANCE

FRANCE. Rule of Catherine de Medici. The Rule of Henry IV (of Navarre). Charles VII. “Charles the well-served” New source of income - taxes Taille- sales tax Gabelle- tax on salt (food preserved with salt) Middle class as advisors (not nobles) French king strengthened

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FRANCE

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  1. FRANCE

  2. Rule of Catherine de Medici

  3. The Rule of Henry IV (of Navarre)

  4. Charles VII • “Charles the well-served” • New source of income - taxes • Taille- sales tax • Gabelle- tax on salt (food preserved with salt) • Middle class as advisors (not nobles) • French king strengthened • Similar to Henry VII (Eng.) after War of Roses

  5. Louis XI • “Spider King”- torture, terror for those resisting change • Rival- Duke of Burgundy (large land owner) • Only called Estates General twice • Formed by Philip the Fair • Three estates

  6. France compared to England • Different than England • Stuarts were losing power • French kings had unlimited power • Shared no power with Estates General unless they needed more taxes

  7. Importance of Richelieu to France

  8. Louis XIII • Henry IV’s son (Bourbon) • Evil King in 3 Musketeers • Little ability had Catholic Cardinal Richelieu take over everyday business of the govt.

  9. Richelieu • Head Bishop of France • Became virtual ruler of France • Goals: • Increase power of the Bourbons/crown • Make France the most powerful state in Europe • Spain slipping (Armada, $ problems, no industrial base)

  10. Cardinal Richelieu

  11. Richelieu’s Domestic Policies • Centralized govt. policies • Tried to end separatist governors and parlements • Law of King only law • Nobles jailed or executed for non-compliance • Campaign against Huguenots • 1629 Peace of Alais- no walled cities, political orgs., courts • La Rochelle- largest walled city

  12. Dangers to the Crown • Independence of Huguenot cities • Richelieu not politique-strikes against Huguenots • Fear of defiance of King • Still could worship

  13. Dangers to the Crown • Power of the French nobility • Privileges taken away • Govt. agents (intendants/mid. class) more power- collect taxes, administer justice • King gets money without going to Estates General • Mid. class loyal to king- military support, nobles political service not needed

  14. Dangers to the Crown • Power of the Hapsburgs • Austrian and Spanish Kings (bordered France) • 30 Years War= Hapsburgs v. Protestants in Holland and Germany • France wants Hapsburgs to lose and therefore support Protestants • Richelieu just wants Catholics to reserve right to practice • Results: Protestants win 30 Years War (Treaty of Westphalia, Gustavas Adolphus)

  15. Richelieu..the end • Bourbons ruled over 100 years • Nobles to weak to challenge • After death: Edict of Nantes repealed 1685 • Protestants leave for Holland where the Commercial Revolution (Capitalism)begins • French economy falls when Protestants leave

  16. ABSOLUTISM

  17. Early Life of Louis XIV

  18. Louis XIV

  19. The Sun King • Bourbon King (Louis XIII dad) • King at age 5 • Mom, Anne & prime minister Cardinal Jules Mazarin have real power • Ruled from 1643-1715

  20. Mazarin • Goal: increase French power • Results: people hate him & ideas • Nobles revolted in 1648- fear they were losing power • Riots in Paris spread to countryside (slingshot)

  21. 1648

  22. Fronde… • Rebellious nobles who did NOT like Mazarin • First Act of Rebellion- Parliament of Paris • Mazarin wants nobles put in jail • Wives upset 7 push rebellion • Result: Mazarin free men who will then exile Louis & Mazarin

  23. Fronde… • New govt. for 4 years • King & Mazarin in exile • Rule was ineffective • Change hard to deal with (desire for slow, gradual change) • Monarchy restored • French convinced of need for strong monarch

  24. Rebellion… • Rebellion against crown failed • People distrusted each other • People tired of fighting • People okay with oppressive laws of absolute monarch • Regional powers with competing ideas- ineffective

  25. Impact on Louis XIV • 1661 Louis (23) becomes king- Mazarin died • Louis’ life in danger • Rebels break into palace • Louis hates Paris & moves to Versailles • Hates cities, travels countryside

  26. Louis XIV

  27. Versailles

  28. Impact on Louis XIV • “Keep your friends close & your enemies even closer” • Nobles stay at Versailles where they can be watched

  29. Versailles

  30. Compare Mazarin and Richelieu

  31. Louis XIII Advisor Cardinal Liked Keeps peace Strengthens France Louis XIV Regent Dismissed Cardinal Not liked Causes rebellion Strengthens France Richelieu & Mazarin

  32. Economic Policies of Cobert

  33. Mercantilism • 17th & 18th century economic policy of Europe • Wealth was limited • Wealth came at the expense of others • Home country was the concern • Export more than import • Raw materials to finished goods

  34. Promoting Mercantilism • Navigation Laws- move goods on home ships (keep $) • Tariffs • Bounties on production (subsidizing) • Prohibition of outside trade by colonies

  35. Economic Strength • Gold & silver • Expanding manufacturing • Encouraging commerce • Owning colonies • Building up shipping • Navy • Export more than import

  36. Colbert • Minister of Finance under Louis XIV • Increase wealth through taxes • Louis was dependent on nobles, people • Needs $ always at war • Louis undoes work after Colbert dies

  37. French Economy • Colbert strengthens weak economy • Manufacturing expanded (north) • Subsidies, grants, tax benefits • Agriculture & mining developed • Skilled workers from other countries (south0 • Balance of trade improved- exports increased

  38. French Economy • Tariffs passed • Transportation developed • Number of warships increased • Colonies- inferior partners • Market economy- sell goods to colony • Used for raw materials

  39. French Economy • Colbert’s policies effective • 1683- France is industrial leader of Europe • Huguenots took lead role in commerce & banking industry • Given start-up money • Purpose of economic development- serve the state

  40. Louis & Colbert • Louis undid much of Colbert’s work • Edict of Nantes is cancelled • Louis was devout Catholic • Huguenots flee to avoid persecution • France loses middle class, skilled workers

  41. The Opulence of Louis XIV’s Reign

  42. Versailles • Rest of Europe uses way of life at Versailles as standard • Located 11 miles outside Paris • 250 acres • 36,000 workers • Not fortified • Royal court

  43. Versailles • Center of government • 226 rooms (nobles crammed) • 5,000 servants • Hall of Mirrors • Dominated French political & cultural life

  44. Versailles • Visual display of Louis’ absolute power • Elaborate life impressed citizens • Nobles willingly became servants

  45. France & the Arts • France leads Europe • Louis demands music • Operas popularized • Comedies & Tragedies • Moliere- satire on French society • Playwrights followed Greek dramatists • Louis was patron • Art’s purpose= glorify king

  46. France’s Power • Most powerful country in Europe • high population, large trained army • Britain recovering from civil war • Spain on decline • Germany devastated from 30 Years War

  47. End of Louis XIV’s Reign

  48. Failure of Military Goals • 1667-1713 wars fought for expansion • Result: bankruptcy not glory • Balance of Power- weaker countries (GB,Sw,Neth,Sp,Ger, Aust) unite against France • Stopped 3 times in Netherlands • Treasury emptied • Only gain= Alsace (Ger province)

  49. Balance of Power • 1700 Threat to balance of power • Charles II (Spain) dies with no heirs • Leaves Spain to Philip (Louis’ grandson) • 2 biggest European powers tied • Bourbon’s power increased

  50. Response • 1701 GB, Aust, Dutch, Port, Savoy, some German states unite against France & Spain • War of the Spanish Succession- disaster for Louis (wanted peace but not Philip to give up throne)

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