1 / 45

The First World War

The First World War. Chapter 23 1914-1920. The War Begins. W.W. I lasted 4 years (1914-1918) 15 million killed 80% died from disease, starvation and exposure cost $350 billion millions killed are civilians <called How Twenty Marines took Bouresches by Frank Schoonover.

sybill-mclaughlin
Télécharger la présentation

The First World War

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The First World War Chapter 23 1914-1920

  2. The War Begins • W.W. I lasted 4 years (1914-1918) • 15 million killed • 80% died from disease, starvation and exposure • cost $350 billion • millions killed are civilians • <called How Twenty Marines took Bouresches by Frank Schoonover

  3. Causes of The Great War • 1. Nationalism-ethnic groups speaking the same language wanted their own country. • Desire for freedom and self-government is so strong-willing to risk war. • 2. Imperialism-competition for colonies to add to their empires • Russia and Austria-Hungary are rivals for Slavic dominance • France and Germany are in competition for Morocco • Great Britain and Germany in the Middle East and Africa • <Take up the Sword of Justice

  4. Causes of World War I • 3. A system of Alliances • Collective Security • Triple Entente becomes the Allies in W.W. I-France, Great Britain, Russia • Triple Alliance becomes the Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • 4. Militarism-stockpile weapons-arms race develops • strengthened navy • <European Collective Security

  5. The Start of the War • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife, Sophie • heir to the throne of the Austria-Hungary throne • June 28, 1914 • Sarajevo in Bosnia • Gavrilo Princip-teenaged assassin who is a member of the black hand, a secret society to unite all Serbs under one rule • <Route of the Archduke and Sophie

  6. The Start of the War • The system of Alliances goes into effect • Austria-Hungary is determined to stamp Serbian Nationalism out • gives Serbs an ultimatum • Serbs reject-July 28-Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia • July 29-Russia orders a general mobilization to help Serbia • three days later-Germany declares War on Russia • on August 3-Germany declares war on France • August 4-Britain declares war on Germany • <Czar Nicholas II of Russia

  7. Sides and Leaders of Countries • Allies: France, Britain, Russia, later: Japan and United States among others • Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire • <King Peter of Serbia

  8. Leaders-Allies • Britain • <King George V • Prime Minister Herbert Asquith

  9. Leaders-Allies • France: • Premier-Georges Clemenceau • President-Raymond Poincare

  10. Leaders-Allies • Russia: • <Czar Nicholas II • with son Tsarevich Alexis

  11. Leaders-Allies • Japan • <Emperor Yoshihito

  12. Leaders-Allies • Italy • <King Vittorio Emmanuel • Premier-Vittorio Orlando

  13. Leaders-Allies • United States • <Woodrow Wilson • reelected in 1916-slogan “He kept us out of War” • beats Charles Evan Hughes

  14. Commander of the Allied Forces • Overall Commander of the Allied Forces-from France • Marshal Ferdinand Foch

  15. Leaders-Central Powers • Germany • <Kaiser Wilhelm-left w/ sons

  16. Leaders-Central Powers • Austria-Hungary • <Franz Joseph-Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary

  17. Leaders-Central Powers • Turkey • <Sultan Mohammed V

  18. Leaders-Central Powers • Bulgaria • <King Ferdinand

  19. United States Policy • Beginning of the war • “...impartial in thought, as well as, in action!” • neutrality • Wilson offers to mediate • CAN WE BE NEUTRAL? • Ethnic • business • cultural ties • <Dead at Champagne

  20. Violation of Neutrality • By British First: • Britain controls the seas • at first, British are just stopping ships with contraband destined for Germany • later try to stop all trade • blockaded: Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden • by 1915-it had strangled American trade with the Central Powers and neutral states • Britain never pushed too far • <British fleet

  21. Violation of American Neutrality • Germany: • Submarine Warfare- • Germany uses Subs to break Allies blockade • May 7, 1915-British Submarine torpedoed British Passenger liner <Lusitania off the Irish coast • 1198 people go down-128 Americans • Wilson demands a cease on attacks on Passenger liners • Germany publicly does not give in-privately does

  22. Violation of American Neutrality • Sussex Pledge-March 1916-Germans pledge not to torpedo liners, but if hunger blockades were not lifted, they would begin unrestricted sub warfare again • Early 1917-Germany resumes unrestricted Submarine warfare • gambled the sub could assure victory before the United States could have an effect on the war • Wilson breaks diplomatic relations • ZIMMERMAN AFFAIR: • British intercept message from German Foreign Secretary-<Alfred Zimmerman to Mexico

  23. Violation of American Neutrality • If Mexico enters on the side of the Germans, when the Germans won, they would give them back New Mexico, Arizona and Texas • US publishes the note on March 1, 1917 • After Germany sinks more ships, • April 2, 1917-Wilson asks Congress to declare War • April 6, 1917-United States declares war on Germany • <Americans enlisting in Paris

  24. The War in Europe • Germany invades Belgium • Belgium is neutral, gateway to France • Germany fighting on two fronts-Russia in the East, France in the west • Schlieffen Plan-fight France first- then Russia-defeat the French-then unite the two armies and crush Russia • American accounts of the German Army entering Brussels • 26 hours of men marching into Brussels • <Alfred von Schlieffen

  25. Stalemate on the Western Front • Allies stop the advance of the Germans on the Marne River • results in Trench Warfare-trenches are deep enough to stand and fire their machine guns and still be protected • stalemate for 3 1/2 years • 1916-Germans try to break through but are thrown back at the Somme and Verdun • both sides suffer 100’s of 1000’s casualties • <English dead in a captured trench

  26. Trenches • <Trench diagram (British)

  27. New Weapons • Big Bertha-1914-hurl an 1800 pound shell nine miles • Poison Gas: Chlorine-suffocated and mustard burned the skin • Germans used first at Ypres in 1915 • 1916-British introduce tanks • Germans retaliated with flame throwers • <British prototype “Little Willie”

  28. United States Goes to War • Involvement by the US comes at a crucial time-Germans are sinking ships 2x faster than replaced • Allies are shaky on land-French are wearied and Russians are tired of the war • US Navy immediately join British • Draft-Selective Service Act of 1917-all men between the ages of 21-30 later 18-45 • Congress gives President dictatorial power • <American Troops disembark in Paris in June of 1917

  29. Wilson sets up six wartime agencies • War Industries Board-<Bernard M. Baruch • Food Administration-Herbert Hoover • U.S. Shipping Board-protect American Shipping • Emergency Fleet Corporation-build desperately needed ships • National War Labor Board-handle labor disputes • Committee on Public Information

  30. Mobilization Continues • Committee on Public information staged pep rallies, propaganda: • Germans are evil • Kaiser Wilhelm started the war • Anti-German Hysteria • Restaurant owners-Sauerkraut-Liberty Cabbage-Hamburger-Liberty Steak • German Valley to Long Valley • typical propaganda of the time • Government takes over transportation, communications

  31. Disloyalty is crushed • Espionage Act of 1917- • fine and imprison for anyone who interfered with the draft or showed disloyalty • Sedition Act of 1918-punishment to anyone who wrote, said anything “...disloyal, profane, or scurrilous...” about the government • 1500 people are convicted • <Propaganda Poster

  32. Americans Arrive • Just in time-Austria-Hungary almost crush an Italian Army in Serbia • Russian Revolution-2 Revolutions • 1st Revolution makes the mistake of remaining in the war-<Alexander Kerensky • 2nd-Bolshevik (Communist) offers Germany Peace-Vladmir Lenin-November of 1917 • Free ups troops to go to the Western Front

  33. Wilson Outlines the Peace Treaty • 14 Points Plan-January 8, 1918 • first 5 outline general principles-freedom of the seas, reduction of arms • next 8 promise territorial adjustments including- • German evacuation of Russia, Belgium • the breakup of Austria-Hungary • independence for Poland • the 14th point is big one: offers an association of nations keep world peace

  34. The End of the War • Germans force the Bolsheviks (Russians) to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-Gave Germany a slice of Eastern Europe • The Americans 1st large scale fighting-30,000 doughboys fought the Germans at Chateau-Thierry on the Marne River-27 miles from Paris • The American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.) was led by <General John “Black Jack” Pershing

  35. End of the War • Austria Hungary collapses-signs an armistice-Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates throne • Germany signs an armistice-the eleventh month, eleventh day, eleventh hour. ( November 11, 1918) • that ends the war-<Celebration of Armistice 1918 • The Treaty of Versailles: • some Americans want surrender not armistice • T.R. and other Republican leaders attack 14 point plan-peace terms are too soft • Wilson takes treaty to the people

  36. The Treaty of Versailles • Wilson in Paris-conference opens January 18, 1919 • responsibilities fell on the <“Big Four” • Wilson (United States), David Lloyd George(Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau(France’s Premier), Vittorio E. Orlando(Italy’s Prime Minister) • Problems occur right away-Wilson wants to emphasize a League of Nations- France thinks peace should come first

  37. Versailles Treaty • League of Nations becomes part of the peace treaty • Wilson drew up the league-Constitution- • 2 main bodies-an assembly and a council (US, Britain, France, Italy, Japan) • Article 10- Heart of the covenant-Collective Security • this makes the Treaty a loser with the US • <The Symbol of the League of Nations

  38. The Versailles Treaty • The Treaty itself: • 1. Germany loses about 1/7th of its land • 2. Large reparations bill for war damage • 3. Admit guilt for starting the war • 4. Recognize the new states of Eastern Europe created from Austria Hungary • 5. League of Nations • map of Germany in 1919

  39. Reaction to the Treaty in the United States • <Henry Cabot Lodge-led a group called the “Irreconcilables” • Senator from Massachusetts • believe that the United states should be isolationist-stay out of European affairs • Lodge is chosen as the head of the Committee on Foreign Relations • on July 10, 1919-Wilson asks Congress to approve Treaty • Wilson knows Treaty is in trouble

  40. Reaction to the Treaty in the United States • September 25, 1919-Wilson is on a speaking tour to promote the Treaty to the people • Pueblo, Colorado-Wilson collapses from exhaustion • returns to Washington and takes a stroke-incapacitates him for 6 months • Lodge recommends passage of Treaty with changes-The Lodge Reservations • protect the rights of the US to act independently to the League • Wilson thought it would destroy the League

  41. Reaction to the Treaty in the United States • Wilson urges Democrats not to accept changes • Senate votes 2 x on the Treaty • both are turned down • Election of 1920: • Wilson could not believe the United States would not be part of the League of Nations-wanted to make a referendum-Americans are sick of it • Democrats ignore Wilson-nominate-James M. Cox with Franklin D. Roosevelt as the VP • Republicans-<Warren G. Harding-(Ohio) with Calvin Coolidge

  42. The Election of 1920 • Republican’s platform- • 1. Higher tariff • 2. lower taxes • 3. Immigration restrictions • 4. Promises of return to normalcy • <Calvin Coolidge • Republicans win

  43. Results in Photos • World War I’s Death and destruction • World War I: From Dutch Archives-Death and Destruction

  44. The Time Between the Wars • The Collapse of Old Empires • seen as the triumph of Democracy • Russia, Germany, Austria Hungary all fell • Wilson wanted a Europe based on Self-determination-government chosen by the people • each nationality group are to be free to set up its own government or join existing countries • eg.-Poles in Poland, Czechs and Slovaks in Czechoslovakia, Southern Slavs in Yugoslavia • most new forms are Representative governments

  45. The Time Between Wars • All this hope is dashed by the Great Depression • people felt the effects and thus governments • new types of governments form • Japanese proclaim the “Japanese Monroe Doctrine” and attack the mainland of Asia • Totalitarian governments take shape- • form of Dictatorship-single political party, subordinates the wishes of the people to make the state more powerful • Russia-Lenin, Stalin • Italy and Fascism-Mussolini, Capitalism controlled by state • Nazism in Germany, Hitler

More Related