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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Financial Statements For Decision Making. Objectives. After studying this topic you should be able to: Develop knowledge and understanding of a variety of accounting statements; Critically evaluate the usefulness of such information to managers, and other statement users;

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Financial Statements For Decision Making

  2. Objectives After studying this topic you should be able to: Develop knowledge and understanding of a variety of accounting statements; Critically evaluate the usefulness of such information to managers, and other statement users; Develop knowledge of alternative accounting terminology used within financial reports; and Develop a working knowledge of the concepts of profit and cash in the business context.

  3. The difference between profit & cash Profit = the surplus of value between sales revenue and associated costs for the same period Sales Revenue – Costs = Profit

  4. Example: difference between cash and profit Cultural Events is a small local events company, its operating information for one month, April is: Sales for the period are £40,000, which includes £10,000 invoiced and yet to be paid by the customer; Cost of sales, £12,000, which includes £6,000 still to be paid to the supplier; Expenses for the month are £20,000, but this includes £4,000 paid previously and £6,000 not to be paid until the next month; At the start of the month the bank balance (cash) was £5,000 A cash payment of £15,000 is paid in April related to last month’s expenses.

  5. Solution

  6. External financial reporting Standardisation over time has led to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) being developed which are being adopted in a number of countries.

  7. The international convergence of accounting standards (data from IFRS 2012)

  8. Statement of Comprehensive Income • (Note: data for format illustrative purposes only)

  9. Statement of Financial Position terms (1)

  10. Statement of Financial Position terms (2)

  11. Statement of Financial Position (1)

  12. Statement of Financial Position (2)

  13. Statement of Cash flowsDirect Method

  14. Statement of Cash flowsIndirect Method

  15. Uniform System of Accounting for the Lodging Industry (USALI) Hospitality specific reporting framework Developed in the 1920’s Responsibility accounting format Provides a complete management accounting reporting system Allows external benchmarking Used in industry-wide studies Useful in management contract operations

  16. Example: USALI Department Statement

  17. Example: USALI Summary Statement of Income • * Income - in this American terminology ‘income’ relates to what in the UK would be termed ‘Profit’

  18. Example Room Statement

  19. Summary Cash and profit refer to different elements of the accounts and should never be used interchangeably, they are different. A number of different ‘GAAPs’ exist, international GAAP, using IFRS are used more widely than other ‘national’ county specific GAAPs. External reporting statements can be utilised internally for management accounting analysis purposes, but are too general and far reaching for operational decision making. USALI is well utilised as a reporting framework within hospitality and is one of the oldest sector specific internal reporting frameworks in the world. USALI serves many purposes for internal reporting and external benchmarking for decision making.

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