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Scientific Method

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  1. Scientific Method El MétodoCientífico Estudio del Capítulo 1 Págs. 1-18

  2. Pasos

  3. Hipótesis y Teorías Hipótesisverificadasrepetidamente e indefinidamente

  4. Teoríarefutada • Teoría de la generaciónEspontánea • De materiaorgánicapuedensurgirespontáneamenteorganismos • Surge controversia entre Defensores y Opositores • Verexperimento de lasmoscasde F. Redi

  5. Application to Everyday Problems • Assume you are late for an appointment and hurriedly try to start your car • Observation: The car won’t start

  6. Descubrimiento de la Penicilina • 1929: Alexander Fleming • Cultivababacterias • Contaminación con el hongoPenicilliumnotatum • Aplicó el métodocientífico: Observación, hipótesis • Descubrimiento de sustanciainhibitoria de crecimiento de bacterias.

  7. Science Is a Human Endeavor • In the 1920s, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming grew bacteria in cultures • One of the bacterial cultures became contaminated with a mold • Fleming nearly destroyed the culture when he noticed the mold (Penicillium) inhibited bacterial growth in the culture

  8. Teorías • Hipótesisverificadasrepetidamente. • Se puedendescartar con el paso del tiempo a la luz del nuevoconocimiento. • Ej. La abiogénesis

  9. Science is a Human Endeavor • Fleming hypothesized that the mold produced an antibacterial substance • Further tests using broth from pure Penicillium cultures lead to the discovery of the first antibiotic, penicillin

  10. Science Is Based on Reasoning • Inductive Reasoning • Used in the development of scientific theories • A generalization is created from many observations • e.g., the cell theory (all living things are made of one or more cells) arises from many observations that all indicate a cellular basis for life

  11. The Scientific Method • Scientific experimentation tests the assertion that a single variable causes a particular observation • The experiment must rule out the influence of other possible variables on the recorded observations

  12. The Scientific Method • Controls are incorporated into experiments • Controls keep untested variables constant • Scientific method is illustrated by Francesco Redi’s experiment

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