CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

1. CAUSES OFWORLD WARI

2. 1) NATIONALISM A deep devotion to one’s nation • served as a unifying force within a country • increased rivalry among European nations

3. France is determined to recover provinces of Alsace & Lorraine, lost in Franco – Prussian War • Serbia wanted A-H territory inhabited by Yugoslav people • Subject nationalities – Yugoslavs, Czechs, Slovaks & Poles – sought independence

4. 2) IMPERIALISM • competing for overseas empires increased • competition fostered a sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another

5. A) France & Germany clashed over Morocco B) Russia & Austria-Hungary were rivals in Balkans C) Britain & Germany, both highly industrialized, competed for control in Africa & the Middle East for world markets

6. 3) The Growth of Militarism • The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war was known as militarism • Increased Nationalism led to a European arms race • To be a great nation, you must have a powerful military

7. A) Each nation sought military superiority B) Germany had military tradition C) Armament manufacturers encouraged increased production of military equipment D) Britain, which relied heavily on its Navy to protect itself, considered the Germany navy building program a threat to British security

8. By 1914, all of the great powers, except Great Britain, had large standing armies. *Britain had a navy nearly as large as the other navies combined. Germany 8.5 million Russia 4.5 million France 3.5 million Austria-Hun. 3 million

9. 4) Alliances The Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy and Austria- Hungary The Triple Entente: Great Britain, France and Russia

10. Triple Alliance: • Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy • Gr under leadership of Bismarck • Bismarck won Franco-Prussian War & imposed humiliating peace treaty on Fr • Bismarck pursued policy to isolate Fr & deter them from “war of revenge.” • Bismarck sought alliance with A-H whose ambitions in the Balkans conflicted with Russia • Italy angry with Fr over Tunisia and desired Italian-inhabited Austrian territories

11. Triple Entente: France, Russia & Britain • Fr wanted “stolen provinces” (Alsace and Lorraine) back • Fr sought allies w/Russia, but Bismarck kept Russia friendly with Gr, when Bismarck stepped down Gr was no longer w/Russia = Fr extended military & industrial loans to Russia = Dual Alliance • 1904 Entente Cordiale = Br & Fr • 1907 Br & Russia settled diff in Persia & China = Triple Entente

12. Growing international rivalries lead to several military alliances among the Great PowersThe alliance system is designed to keep peace in Europe but instead becomes a driving force toward war

13. Europe’s Powder Keg, the Match that Began WW1 • The Balkans were known as the “Powder Keg” of Europe • In 1908 Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina • Tensions rise, Austria-Hungary vows to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans

14. Immediate Cause of WW1: Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand Visiting Sarajevo, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, are killed by Gavrilo Princip, a nineteen year old member of the Black Hand. The Black Hand: a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule.

15. War is Declared July 23, 1914, Austria gives Serbia an ultimatum. The Serbs cannot agree to everything, thus: JULY 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia. On the same day, Russian leaders ordered the mobilization of troops toward the Austrian border.

19. "Peace is the dream of the wise; War is the history of man."

20. Paul Nash

21. John Nash, Over the Top (1918)

22. Eric Kennington, Gassed and Wounded (1917)

23. Frank Brangwyn, recruiting poster (1915)

24. Christopher Nevinson, Machine-Gun (1915)

25. John Singer Sargent, Gassed (1918)

26. George Leroux, Hell (1917)

27. “The Sadness of the Somme” Mary Riter Hamilton

28. Wake up America! Civilization calls every man, woman and child!