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Chapter 2: outline

2.1 Principles of network applications 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS. 2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP. Chapter 2: outline. e-mail web text messaging remote login P2P file sharing multi-user network games

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Chapter 2: outline

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  1. 2.1 Principles of network applications 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP Chapter 2: outline Application Layer

  2. e-mail web text messaging remote login P2P file sharing multi-user network games streaming stored video (e.g., YouTube) voice over IP (e.g., Skype) real-time video conferencing social networking … Some network apps Application Layer

  3. Creating a network app write programs that: run on (different) end systems communicate over network e.g., web server software communicates with browser software no need to write software for network-core devices network-core devices (routers, switches) do not run user applications use information transfer routines that are available on end systems application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical Application Layer

  4. Application architectures two predominant paradigms: • client-server architecture (web pages, email, ...) • peer-to-peer (P2P), e.g. file sharing (BitTorrent, etc.), Internet Telephony (Skype), ... Application Layer

  5. Client-server architecture server: • always-on host • permanent IP address • data centers for handling large number of requests clients: • communicate with server • may be intermittently connected (interrupts) • may have dynamic IP addresses • do not communicate directly with each other client/server Application Layer

  6. P2P architecture peer-peer • no(always-on) server infrastructure required • arbitrary end systems directly communicate (=> “peers”) • peers request service from other peers, provide service in return to other peers • self scalability – new peers bring new service capacity, as well as new service demands • peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses • not ISP friendly due to high upstream traffic at residential ISPs Application Layer

  7. process: program running within a host within same host, two processes communicate using inter-process communication (defined by OS) processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages client process:process that initiates communication server process:process that waits to be contacted How do networks apps communicate? clients and servers in the context of a communication session: application application ? controlled by app developer process process transport transport network network link Internet link physical physical Application Layer

  8. Socket – Application Programming Interface (API) between Process and Computer Network • process sends/receives messages to/from its socket • analogy: process = house, socket = door • sending process shoves message out the door • sending process relies on transport infrastructure on other side of door to deliver message to socket at receiving process • socket = API => app developer can only control few parameters on transport layer side (e.g. choice of protocol) application application socket controlled by app developer process process transport transport network network link Internet link physical physical Application Layer

  9. to receive messages, process must have identifier host device has unique 32-bit IP address Q: does IP address of host on which process runs suffice for identifying the process? identifierincludes both IP address and port numbers associated with process on host example port numbers: HTTP server: 80 mail server: 25 to send HTTP message to cs.uni-saarland.de web server: IP address:134.96.224.10 port number:80 more shortly… Addressing processes • A: no, many processes can be running on same host Application Layer

  10. Choose a Transport Layer Protocol • different transport-layerprotocolsareoffered • chooseonethatbestfitsyourapplication‘sneeds => different servicerequirementsofapps Application Layer

  11. data loss some apps (e.g., file transfer, web transactions) require 100% reliable data transfer other apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss timing some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective” Transport Service Requirements of Apps • throughput • some apps (e.g., video streaming) require minimum amount of throughput to be “effective” • other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever throughput they get • security • provides confidentiality between communicating processes • encryption, end point authentication … Application Layer

  12. Transport service requirements: common apps application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video streaming stored audio/video • interactive games text messaging throughput elastic elastic elastic (few kbps) audio: 5kbps-1Mbps video:10kbps-5Mbps same as above few kbps up elastic data loss no loss no loss no loss loss-tolerant loss-tolerant loss-tolerant no loss delay sensitive no no no 100s of msec few secs 100s of msec no Application Layer

  13. TCP service: connection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes (handshake) reliable transportbetween sending and receiving process (no errors, no msgs missing proper order) congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded (a service for the general welfare of the Internet!!!) flow control: dynamic control of flow of data (no overflow of receiver’s buffer; speed matching) does not provide: timing (no delays), minimum throughput guarantee, security Internet transport protocols services We discuss TCP and UDP in detail when we come to the transport layer! Application Layer

  14. UDP service: unreliable data transfer no guarantee that message will arrive; msgs might be out of order does not provide: reliability, flow control, congestion control, timing, throughput guarantee, security, or connection setup => lightweight transport protocol providing minimal service Internet transport protocols services TCP service: • connection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes (handshake) • reliable transportbetween sending and receiving process (no errors, no msgs missing proper order) • congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded (a service for the general welfare of the Internet!!!) • flow control: dynamic control of flow of data (no overflow of receiver’s buffer; speed matching) • does not provide: timing (no delays), minimum throughput guarantee, security Application Layer

  15. Internet apps: application, transport protocols application layer protocol SMTP Telnet HTTP FTP HTTP (e.g., YouTube) SIP underlying transport protocol TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP or UDP TCP or UDP application e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Application Layer

  16. Securing TCP TCP & UDP • no encryption • cleartextpasswds sent into socket, traverse Internet in cleartext SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) • provides encrypted TCP connection with end-point authentication (enhancement for TCP) • Apps use SSL libraries (=> include SSL code on both sides of connection) • data travels encrypted from socket to socket Application Layer

  17. types of messages exchanged, e.g., request, response message syntax (structural rules) what fields in messages & how fields are delineated message semantics meaning of information in fields rules for when and how processes send & respond to messages RFC 1123 gives overview of application layer protocols: FTP SMTP Telnet ... App-layer protocol defines Application Layer

  18. Chapter 2: outline 2.1 principles of network applications app architectures app requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP Application Layer

  19. www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif pathname host name Web and HTTP First, a review… • web page consists of objects • object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet, audio file,… • web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects • each object is addressable by a URL, e.g., Application Layer

  20. HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol Web’s application layer protocol RFC 2616 (mainly) client/server model client: browser that requests, receives, (using HTTP protocol) and “displays” Web objects server: Web server sends (using HTTP protocol) objects in response to requests HTTP response HTTP response HTTP request HTTP request HTTP overview PC running Firefox browser server running Apache Web server iphone running Safari browser Application Layer

  21. uses TCP: client initiates TCP connection (creates socket) to server, port 80 server accepts TCP connection from client HTTP messages (application-layer protocol messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server) TCP connection closed HTTP is “stateless” server maintains no information about past client requests HTTP overview (continued) Application Layer

  22. non-persistent HTTP at most one object sent over TCP connection connection then closed downloading multiple objects requires multiple connections persistent HTTP multiple objects can be sent over single TCP connection between client, server HTTP connections In HTTP 1.1, all connectionsareconsidered persistent unlessdeclaredotherwise(but usually, timeout after 5 sec to save resources). Application Layer

  23. suppose user enters URL: 1a. HTTP client initiates TCP connection to HTTP server at www.someSchool.edu on port 80 Non-persistent HTTP (contains text, references to 10 jpeg images) www.someSchool.edu/someDepartment/home.index 1b. HTTP server at host www.someSchool.edu waiting for TCP connection at port 80. “accepts” connection, notifying client 2. HTTP client sends HTTP request message (containing URL) into TCP connection socket. Message indicates that client wants object someDepartment/home.index 3. HTTP server receives request message, forms response message containing requested object, and sends message into its socket time Application Layer

  24. 5. HTTP client receives response message containing html file, displays html. Parsing html file, finds 10 referenced jpeg objects Non-persistent HTTP (cont.) 4. HTTP server closes TCP connection. time 6. Steps 1-5 repeated for each of 10 jpeg objects Application Layer

  25. Non-persistent HTTP: response time Round Trip Time (RTT): time for a message to travel from client to server and back HTTP response time: • one RTT to initiate TCP connection • one RTT for HTTP request and first bytes of HTTP response to return • file transmission time • non-persistent HTTP response time = 2RTT+ file transmission time initiate TCP connection RTT send conn. ackn. and request file time to transmit file RTT file received time time Application Layer

  26. non-persistent HTTP issues: requires 2 RTTs per object OS overhead for each TCP connection (allocate TCP buffers and keep variables) persistent HTTP: server leaves connection open after sending response subsequent HTTP messages between same client/server sent over open connection client sends requests as soon as it encounters a referenced object one RTT per referenced objects (once connection is established) Persistent HTTP Application Layer

  27. HTTP request message • two types of HTTP messages: request, response • HTTP request message: • ASCII (human-readable format) method field (GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE) request line GET /somedir/index.html HTTP/1.1\r\n Host: www.someschool.edu\r\n User-Agent: Firefox/3.6.10\r\n Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5\r\n Connection: close\r\n \r\n header lines non-persistent connection: browser wants that server closes connection after data is sent other possibility is: Keep-alive Application Layer

  28. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ value value header field name header field name cr cr lf lf cr lf HTTP request message: general format line feed carriage return space request line sp sp version cr method URL lf header lines entity body body (empty in GET msg, data in POST) Application Layer

  29. POST method: web page often includes form input input is uploaded to server in entity body URL method: uses GET method input is uploaded in URL field of request line: Uploading form input (from client) www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana Application Layer

  30. HTTP response message status line (protocol status code status phrase) HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Connection: close\r\n Date: Sun, 26 Sep 2010 20:09:20 GMT\r\n Server: Apache/2.0.52 (CentOS)\r\n Last-Modified: Tue, 30 Oct 2007 17:00:02 GMT\r\n Content-Length: 2652\r\n Content-Type: text/html\r\n \r\n data data data data data ... header lines data, e.g., requested HTML file Application Layer

  31. 200 OK request succeeded, requested object later in this msg 301 Moved Permanently requested object moved, new location specified later in this msg (Location:) 400 Bad Request request msg not understood by server 404 Not Found requested document not found on this server 505 HTTP Version Not Supported HTTP response status codes • status code appears in 1st line in server-to-client response message. • some sample codes: Application Layer

  32. 1. Telnet to your favorite Web server: Trying out HTTP (client side) for yourself opens TCP connection to port 80 (default HTTP server port) at mosi.cs.... anything typed in sent to port 80 at mosi.cs.... telnet mosi.cs.uni- saarland.de 80 • 2. type in a GET HTTP request: by typing this in (hit carriage return twice), you send this minimal (but complete) GET request to HTTP server GET /?page_id=53 HTTP/1.1 Host: mosi.cs.uni- saarland.de 3. look at response message sent by HTTP server! Application Layer

  33. many Web sites use cookies four components: 1) cookie header line of HTTP response message 2) cookie header line in next HTTP request message 3) cookie file kept on user’s host, managed by user’s browser 4) back-end database at Web server example: assume you always access Internet from the same PC visit amazon.de for first time when initial HTTP requests arrives at site, site creates: unique ID entry in backend database for ID Cookies – identify users Application Layer

  34. ebay 8734 usual http request msg Amazon server creates ID 1678 for user usual http response set-cookie: 1678 create entry ebay 8734 amazon 1678 ebay 8734 amazon 1678 usual http request msg cookie: 1678 access cookie- specific action usual http response msg usual http response msg access usual http request msg cookie: 1678 cookie- specific action Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.) client server cookie file backend database one week later: Application Layer

  35. what cookies can be used for: shopping carts authentication (stay logged in) ... Cookies (continued) aside • cookies and privacy: • cookies permit sites to learn a lot about you • you may supply name and e-mail to sites (e.g. when you enter the shipping address) Application Layer

  36. Configure browser: Web access via cache browser sends all HTTP requests to cache object in cache: cache returns object else cache requests object from origin server, copies it and returns object to client HTTP request HTTP request HTTP response HTTP response HTTP request HTTP response Web caches (=proxy server) goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server proxy server client origin server client origin server Application Layer

  37. cache acts as both client and server server for original requesting client client to origin server typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP) why Web caching? reduce response time for client request reduce traffic on an institution’s access link Internet dense with caches: enables “poor” content providers to effectively deliver content (so too does P2P file sharing) More about Web caching e.g. Proxy of Deutsche Telekom: www-proxy.t-online.de Saarland University: www-proxy.uni-saarland.de Application Layer

  38. Caching example: origin servers assumptions: • avg object size: 1 Mbit • avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15 requests/sec • avg data rate to browsers: 100 Mbps • RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec • access link rate: 15 Mbps consequences: • LAN utilization: 15% • (15 req/sec)x(1 Mbits/req)/ 100 Mbps • = 0.15 • access link utilization = 100% • (15 req/sec)x(1 Mbits/req)/ 15 Mbps • = 1 public Internet 15 Mbps access link institutional network 100 Mbps LAN utilization = achieved throughput related to the net bitrate in bit/s Application Layer

  39. Caching example: assumptions: • avg object size: 1 Mbit • avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/sec • avg data rate to browsers: 100 Mbps • RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec • access link rate: 15 Mbps consequences: • LAN utilization: 15% • access link utilization = 100% • total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes + msecs origin servers public Internet 15 Mbps access link problem! institutional network 100 Mbps LAN Recall that as “bit arrival rate”/bandwidth approaches 1 the queueing delay approaches infinity ... Application Layer

  40. Caching example: fatter access link assumptions: • avg object size: 1 Mbit • avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/sec • avg data rate to browsers: 100 Mbps • RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec • access link rate: 15 Mbps consequences: • LAN utilization: 15% • access link utilization = 100% • total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes + msecs origin servers public Internet 15 Mbps access link 100 Mbps 100 Mbps institutional network 15% 100 Mbps LAN msecs Cost: increased access link speed (not cheap!) Application Layer

  41. Caching example: install local cache local web cache assumptions: • avg object size: 1 Mbit • avg request rate from browsers to origin servers:15/sec • avg data rate to browsers: 100 Mbps • RTT from institutional router to any origin server: 2 sec • access link rate: 15 Mbps consequences: • LAN utilization: 15% • access link utilization = 100% • total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes + usecs origin servers public Internet 15 Mbps access link institutional network ? 100 Mbps LAN ? How to compute link utilization, delay? Cost: web cache (cheap!) Application Layer

  42. Caching example: install local cache Calculating access link utilization, delay with cache: suppose cache hit rate is 0.4 40% requests satisfied at cache, 60% requests satisfied at origin local web cache origin servers public Internet • access link utilization: • 60% of requests use access link • access link utilization = 0.6*100% • = 60% • delay is 10s of msecs 15 Mbps access link institutional network • total delay • = 0.6 * (delay from origin servers) +0.4 * (delay when satisfied at cache) • = 0.6 (2.01) + 0.4 (~msecs) • = ~ 1.2 secs • less than with 100 Mbps link (and cheaper too!) 100 Mbps LAN Application Layer

  43. Conditional GET • HTTP request message uses GET method and contains an If-Modified-Since: • example: • browser sends GET request to cache • proxy cache sends GET request to web server • web server sends HTTP response (including the data and the header line Last-Modified: ) • cache makes local copy of object (stores also last modified date) and forwards it to browser • one week later another browser requests object • cache performs an up-to-date check using conditional GET and setting If-modified-since: to Last-Modified: date Application Layer

  44. Goal: don’t send object if cache has up-to-date cached version no object transmission delay lower link utilization cache: specify date of cached copy in HTTP request If-modified-since: <date> server: response contains no object if cached copy is up-to-date: HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified HTTP response HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified Conditional GET server client HTTP request msg If-modified-since: <date> object not modified after <date> HTTP request msg If-modified-since: <date> object modified after <date> HTTP response HTTP/1.0 200 OK <data> Application Layer

  45. Chapter 2: outline 2.1 principles of network applications app architectures app requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP Application Layer

  46. FTP client FTP server FTP: the file transfer protocol file transfer user at host remote file system local file system • transfer file to/from remote host • client/server model • client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote) • server: remote host • ftp: RFC 959 • ftp uses two parallel TCP connections Application Layer

  47. FTP client contacts FTP server at port 21, using TCP client authorized over control connection client browses remote directory, sends commands over control connection when server receives file transfer command, server opens 2ndTCP data connection (for file) to client after transferring one file, server closes data connection FTP: separate control, data connections TCP control connection, server port 21 TCP data connection, server port 20 FTP client FTP server • server opens another TCP data connection to transfer another file • control connection: “out of band”because it is separate (HTTP is in-band) • FTP server maintains “state”: current directory, earlier authentication Application Layer

  48. some client commands: sent as ASCII text over control channel USER username PASS password LISTreturn list of files in current directory RETR filenameretrieves (gets) file STOR filenamestores (puts) file onto remote host some server return codes status code and phrase (as in HTTP) 331 Username OK, password required 125 data connection already open; transfer starting 425 Can’t open data connection 452 Error writing file FTP commands, responses seehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpdZoUlzplIfor a demo Application Layer

  49. Chapter 2: outline 2.1 principles of network applications app architectures app requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 electronic mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 P2P applications 2.7 socket programming with UDP and TCP Application Layer

  50. Three major components: user agents mail servers simple mail transfer protocol: SMTP User Agent “mail reader” composing, editing, reading mail messages e.g., Outlook, Thunderbird, iPhone mail client outgoing, incoming messages stored on server user agent user agent user agent user agent user agent user agent SMTP SMTP SMTP mail server mail server mail server outgoing message queue user mailbox Electronic mail Application Layer

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