Margaret S. Stockdale Joel T. Nadler

1. Situating Sexual Harassment in the Broader Context of Interpersonal Violence:Research, Theory and Policy Implications Margaret S. Stockdale Joel T. Nadler Stockdale, M. S. & Nadler, J. T. (2011). Situating Sexual Harassment in the Broader Context of Interpersonal Violence: Research, Theory and Policy Implications. Invited article for publication in Social Issues and Policy Review.

2. North Country –Lois Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite (1993)

3. Linkages between SH and IPV • Common underlying and overarching conditions • Imbalance of power and patriarchy • Common perpetrator characteristics • Empirical connections • Revictimization and Co-Victimization • Co-perpetration • Organizational culture

4. How are SH and IPV empirically related?

5. Relationships between IPV and SH Stockdale & Nadler, 2011

6. Cluster Analysis of Female Veterans (n=268, 72% African American) Source: Campbell, R., Greeson, M. R., Raja, S., & Bybee, D. (2008). The co-occurrence of childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and sexual harassment: A mediational model of posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 194-207.

7. Multiple Victimization Surveys: Military • Rosen & Martin (1998) • 1051 male, 305 female soldiers – 3 U.S. Army posts • Cross-sectional, self report survey of prior childhood abuse and recent SH

8. MANOVA Results (Fs): Child Trauma variables predicting SH experiences for female (F) and male (M) soldiers Source: Rosen, L. N., & Martin, L. (1998). Childhood maltreatment history as a risk factor for sexual harassment among U.S. Army soldiers. Violence & Victims, 13, 269-286.

9. MANOVA Results (Fs): Child Trauma variables predicting SH experiences for female (F) and male (M) soldiers Source: Rosen, L. N., & Martin, L. (1998). Childhood maltreatment history as a risk factor for sexual harassment among U.S. Army soldiers. Violence & Victims, 13, 269-286.

10. Kentucky DVO Study • 757 Women Recruited from Kentucky Court – DVO (1/2 Urban) • Baseline Survey (life time abuse history, health history, employment history, etc.) • 1 Year Follow up survey – n=710 (94% follow up rate) • Intervening IPV, SH, SH Scenario, recent employment history, current health, etc. • Participants with recent employment history (n=445) – final sample. • 78% White, nonHispanic, 46% service workers, 76% fulltime Supported by Grant # AA12735 and the University of Kentucky General Clinical Research Organization funded by the National Institute of Health Grant #M01RR02602, TK Logan, Principal Investigator

11. Prospective Correlations between prior IPV and SH: Revictimization Stockdale, Berry & Logan, 2010;

12. Co-Victimization in the Military • 54% of active-duty female military personnel who experienced sexual assault in the military also experienced SH by same perpetrator (38% for men) • 99.7% of VA recipients who experienced sexual assault also experienced SH • About 25% of active-duty female Air Force military experiencing sexual assault also reported SH by a supervisor (different perpetrator). Bostock & Daley, 2007; Campbell et al. 2008; Harned et al., 2002; Rock et al., 2011; Skinner et al., 2000

13. Theoretical Explanations for Re-Victimization & Co-Victimization Bronfrenbrenner, 1977; Grauerholz, 2000

14. Ecological Hypotheses: Kentucky DVO Study • Ontogenic: Life circumstances of CSA/ASA survivors • Sequalae of early abuse

15. Kentucky DVO study: Ontogenic-level Correlations

16. Microsystem factors • High-risk contexts for SH (job-gender context) • Sexualized work environments • Male dominated, male supervisor • Work climate tolerant of sexual harassment

17. Kentucky DVO study: Micro-System Correlations

18. Exo-System Factors • Broader contexts – Social Structures • Economic resources, educational resources, social power • Abuse survivors may be more likely than others to be in low wage jobs with high turnover which mark their instability and vulnerability to SH

19. Kentucky DVO study: Correlations

20. Mediation of the effects of prior IPV on SH Stockdale, Berry & Logan, 2010

21. Mediated relationships SH CSA .16 (.20) .28 (.06) .45 (.15) PTSD Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD

22. Mediated relationships SH C NS A .25 (.06) .07 (.02) .36(.15) PTSD Effect of Child Non-Sexual Abuse on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD

23. Mediated relationships SH IPV .16 (.05) .13 (.02) .30 (.16) PTSD Effect of Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD

24. Mediated relationships Violence- Other SH 2.29(.41) .13 (.02) .30 (.16) PTSD -.06 (.02) -3.36(.91) Spvr Gender Effect of Prior Sexual Violence by Others on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD, and Supervisor Gender

25. Some observations • Abuse survivors are vulnerable to sexual harassment. • Ontogenic (PTSD) and micro-context factors (job-gender context) mediate the vulnerability. • Military contexts are of particular interest: • Vulnerable targets • Culture and structure • SAPR program

26. Sexual Assault Prevention and Response(SAPR) • DoD comprehensive organizational approach to combating sexual violence • Five priority areas • Institute prevention strategies in the military community • Increase the climate of victim confidence associated with reporting • Improve sexual assault response • Improve system accountability • Improve stakeholder knowledge and understanding of sexual assault prevention and response.

27. SAPR and Sexual Harassment • SAPR SAPR Office • SH Office of Diversity Management and Equal Opportunity. • Familial sex crimes Defense Family Advocacy Program Recommendations: • Broaden SAPRO initiatives to include sexual harassment. • Consider risk factors for SH revictimization (baseline PTSD, prior abuse, avoidant coping styles, masculinized cultures) and develop interventions. • Examine SH as a precursor to further abuse.

28. Questions?