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PSYC 1000

PSYC 1000. Lecture 4. Modern Psychology. Psychologists examine both the structure and the function of behaviour Examine general principles of behaviour as well as unique aspects of individuals How we approach the study of behaviour depends on our psychological perspective

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PSYC 1000

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  1. PSYC 1000 Lecture 4

  2. Modern Psychology • Psychologists examine both the structure and the function of behaviour • Examine general principles of behaviour as well as unique aspects of individuals • How we approach the study of behaviour depends on our psychological perspective • Phenomena may be studied at different levels of analysis

  3. Psychodynamic Perspective • Key Figure:Sigmund Freud • Behaviour is explained by inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolve conflicts • Emphasizes the role of unconscious processes & battles between inner and outer forces • Offered strong contrast with Victorian era assumption of rationality. Insert Freud picture here (Chapter 1, p. 10) Source: The Granger Collection

  4. Behaviourist Perspective • Key Figures: John Watson, B.F. Skinner • Behaviour can be explained by antecedent conditions, behavioural responses, and consequences • Focus on observable behaviour that can be objectively recorded Insert Watson picture here (Chapter 1, p. 11) Source: Benjamin Harris, PhD

  5. Behaviourist Perspective • John Watson (1878-1958): “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. [Behaviourism (1930), p. 82] ” • Classical conditioning • Association of previously neutral stimuli with a consequence. • E.g. Little Albert • Extended the work done by Pavlov

  6. Behaviourist Perspective Thorndike’s puzzle box

  7. Humanistic Perspective • Key Figures: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow • Emphasizes the individual’s inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing to their full potential • Focus on self-actualization and a holistic approach Insert Rogers picture here (Chapter 1, p. 11) Source: Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis

  8. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  9. Cognitive Perspective • Human thought and knowledge in attending, thinking, remembering, and understanding is important • Behaviour is more than stimulus and response • Focus on subjective reality and higher mental processes • Focus on how behaviour occurs.

  10. Biological Perspective • Behaviour is explained in terms of underlying physical structures and biochemical processes • Focus on the functioning of the genes, nervous system, and endocrine system • Advances in this area linked to behavioural & cognitive neuroscience fields Source: Stone/UHB Trust/Getty Images

  11. Evolutionary Perspective • Key Figure: Charles Darwin • Emphasizes the importance of both behavioural and mental adaptiveness • Study of animals and humans • Focus on natural selection and the long process of evolution Source: STR/AFP/Getty Images

  12. Sociocultural Perspective • Studies the cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behaviour • Universal claims of some theories may not apply to all cultures • Can also involve comparisons of groups within multicultural nations such as Canada Source: Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis

  13. Comparing Perspectives Insert Table 1.1 here (Chapter 1, p. 14)

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