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Psyc 2618

Definitions. Adolescence is a transition phase between childhood and adulthood.Puberty is the beginning of sexual reproduction.In females, puberty is marked by menarche, the beginning of menstruation. The majority of girls discuss this with their mother/other female.. Cont. Definitions. In males,

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Psyc 2618

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    1. Psyc 2618 Adolescent Development

    2. Definitions Adolescence is a transition phase between childhood and adulthood. Puberty is the beginning of sexual reproduction. In females, puberty is marked by menarche, the beginning of menstruation. The majority of girls discuss this with their mother/other female.

    3. Cont. Definitions In males, puberty begins with spermarche, the first ejaculation of seminal fluid. About 1/3 of the subjects in a study indicated they had no information that spermarche would occur and almost 80% told no one when it did occur.

    4. Puberty Females Most girls enter puberty between 8 and 16 years of age. Body weight and activity level influence the age of onset. Ethnicity also factors into the age of onset. With the onset of menarche, 50 to 75% of females may experience dysmenorrhea, or menstrual cramps. It may also include headaches, nausea, dizziness, & lower back pain.

    5. Cont. Puberty The cause of dysmenorrhea includes both physical (prostiglandins) and psychological factors (expectations) Another concern regarding mensus is Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS involves a variety of symptoms that occur a few days before menstruating, such as: headaches,swelling, acne, & psychological reactions.

    6. Cont. Puberty PMS research: Alagna and Hamilton (1986) found some fluctuations in mood but other research by these authors demonstrated that womens moods were influenced as much by the day of the week as by the phase of the menstrual cycle.

    7. Hardie (1997) asked 83 women to keep daily records for 10 weeks. In analyzing the data, not one woman met criteria for PMS for 2 menstrual cycles during the 70-day study. Chrisler (1994) administered the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire; women were more likely to report positive aspects of menstruation. To cope with PMS, some suggest exercise, avoiding salt, fat, alcohol, and caffeine.

    8. Self-concept and Identity Females receive feedback about appearance while males receive feedback about performance in athletics. (Kwa, 1994) The most important component of female attractiveness in North America is body weight. Media has a strong influence on a females self-perception.

    9. Cont. self-concept Participation in athletics can help girls escape from the dominant images of thinness. Some research suggests that girls have a stronger sense of ethnic identity than boys. Although, some research shows that Black males receive more criticism than Black females for acting White.

    10. Cont. self-concept In the study by Sadker and Sadker, 1994, boys and girls are similar in self-esteem during elementary school. Females drop in self-esteem during high school, except Black females increased in self-esteem during high school.

    11. Cont. Self-concept Though some of the research is inconclusive, teens who are high in instrumentality (believe they can accomplish a goal) have higher self-esteem.

    12. Education and Career Planning College-bound female high school graduates have typically had one year less of physical science and a half-year less of mathematics, compared to their male peers. Another career with strong gender roles is computers. Some research indicates that boys outnumber girls in the use of

    13. Cont. Career Computer use in schools by 2 to 1; 40% of boys but only 7% of girls use computers outside the classroom, and 25% more boys than girls live in homes with computers. Implications for females. There is some evidence that men have even less support than women for choosing nontraditional occupations.

    14. Cont. Career Females who plan on a nontraditional career are likely to have parents who are well educated and from middle- or upper-class backgrounds. Females who aspire to nontraditional careers do well in school with high esteem Female adolescents experience conflict between career and family life.

    15. Interpersonal relationships The majority of adolescents get along well with their parents. Both males and females feel closer to their mothers than their fathers. Adolescent females are more likely to report acceptance of feelings in their family Inconsistent findings on closeness of relationships.

    16. Cont. Relationships Media influences ideas about romantic relationships. Both genders describe their partners in positive terms. Males are more likely to emphasize physical attractiveness while females emphasize personal characteristics (support and intimacy).

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