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The Revolution and the Reorganization of France

The Revolution and the Reorganization of France. Section 9.42. Moderate Phase. Night of August 4 th Ends Feudalism. Constitution of 1791 creates Constitutional Monarchy. Estates General Called. September Massacres -Year 1 of Republic Begins. Bastille Stormed. Flight to Varennes.

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The Revolution and the Reorganization of France

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  1. The Revolution and the Reorganization of France Section 9.42

  2. Moderate Phase Night of August 4th Ends Feudalism Constitution of 1791 creates Constitutional Monarchy Estates General Called September Massacres -Year 1 of Republic Begins Bastille Stormed Flight to Varennes March on Versailles 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 -National Assembly formed -Tennis Court Oath Civil Constitution of the Clergy Louis XVI executed Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen Declaration of Pillnitz Great Fear

  3. Cause 3: Financial Crisis (1787-88) • 1788 Budget • 25%- military • 50% for interest on debt (4 billion livres) • 6% Versailles • < 20% -Internal improvements/administration • American Independence • British had almost the same distribution so what’s the big deal? • Louis XIV had repudiated some of his debt (gov refused to pay) • Destroyed government’s credit • Debt held by aristocrats and bourgeoisie • No central bank • No means of creating credit • No paper currency • Gold Specie • Problems with taxation • 1st & 2nd exemption • Bourgeoisie evades taxes • Tax Farmer corrupt and inefficient One of the cottages built in Marie Antoinette's private village Battle of Yorktown

  4. Estates General (May 5, 1789) • Calonne • director of finances in 1786 • creates a program to replace the taille, • Calls for • general tax on all landowners • abolition of internal tariffs • confiscation of some church properties • a provincial assembly that represented all without regard to estate • Parlement of Paris rejected it • convened “assembly of notables” in 1787 • deadlocked followed and Calonne was fired • Lomenie de Brienne, • successor tried same program but was told that only Estates General could approve this • king resisted but gave in • Louis XVI calls for a meeting of the Estates General (May 1789) Charles Alexandre de Calonne Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne

  5. National Assembly Formed (June 17, 1789) How should Estates meet? • One chamber – third estate wins • Separate chambers – first and second estate wins • In September of 1788, Parlement of Paris declares separate chambers Aims of the nobility • Constitutional government • Guarantees of liberties (their liberties) • Freedom of speech and press • Due process of law • Wanted to govern France through the Estates General • drew up a list of grievances (cashiers des doleances) that they wanted addressed

  6. National Assembly Formed (June 17, 1789) • delegates of the 3rd Estate were: • businessmen (13%) • lawyers (25%) • government officeholders (43%) • Turned on the Nobility • Abbe Sieyes: What is the Third Estate? • Wrote a pamphlet that said the nobility is useless class • Third Estate is the necessary one • Is the nation • Is sovereign (Rousseau’s ideas enter Revolutionary thought) Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

  7. National Assembly Formed (June 17, 1789) • Class conflict • Bourgeois reject pretensions of the nobility • completely distrust the nobles • threw bourgeois into a radical and destructive mood • Refuse to meet separately at Estates General • deadlock lasts for 6 weeks • Some of First and Second Estate come over to the Third Estate • Declare themselves the National Assembly (June 17, 1789)

  8. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789) • June 20 third estate finds doors to Versailles meeting hall locked • National Assembly goes to nearby ‘handball’ court • Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789) • Not to disband until they have a Constitution • Revolutionary – assumed sovereignty without a legal claim King orders 3 estates to separate chambers and tardily presents his own program of reform (too late), NA refuse to budge

  9. Cause 4: Character of Louis XVI • King popular up to 1789 • Supported most by bourgeoisie • Wanted liberty (economic) • King indecisive • Sides with Nobles (feudalism) • Louis could • Suppress National Assembly & Tennis Court Oath • Support it • Louis does both

  10. Bastille (July 14, 1789) • King and Nobility join forces • Calls up the 18 thousand soldiers to dissolve National Assembly • Paris overrun with unemployed • 50% (1787-1789) • 1788 poor harvest • 1788 • 50% of family budget on bread • caused a marked reduction in purchase and therefore manufacturing of goods • many peasants used domestic industry to supplement their incomes • National Assembly viewed as only hope • Third Estate begins looking for weapons

  11. Bastille (July 14, 1789) • Parisians alarmed at the concentration of troops at Versailles • Sought weapons and ammo • Bastille • Medieval Castle • prison (for the rich) • reputation of a torture chamber and symbolized tyranny • JULY 14, 1789 • Crowd attacks and kills several officials • Army holds back • Saves the National Assembly at Versailles • Louis XVI • Recognizes NA • Commands nobles and clergy to join

  12. The Great Fear (July-Aug 1789) • Fear among peasants that brigands & outlaws were coming • peasants began to attack manors • burning houses and destroying manorial archives • Agrarian revolutionary efforts intended on destroying the manorial regime

  13. Night of August 4, 1789 • Problem – meeting demands of peasants and not depriving landed aristocracy of income • Solution – “night of august 4” • Liberal nobility surrender vestiges of feudalism and serfdom • declared flatly that feudalism is abolished • Receive “compensation” for eminent property loss • payments to buy off nobility • few are made • abolished by radical phase of the revolution medallion celebrating the Night of August 4

  14. Declaration of the Rights of Man (8/27/1789) • Men are free and equal • Natural rights of liberty, property, and security and resistance to oppression • Freedom of thought and religion • Due process of law • All citizens are eligible for office (if qualified) • Law • must be equitable • originates from the general will • The nation is sovereign • Taxes are made by common consent • Powers of government should be separated • “man” refers to all human beings, even women • revolutionaries gave right to vote only to men • consider politics, gov. war masculine business • saw “feminine” corruptions of the Old Regime • ‘Women are disposed to an over-excition which would be deadly in public affairs.” • So women had little or no role in the Revolution? FALSE Marquis de Lafayette

  15. March to Versailles (October 4, 1789) • Marat • Radical writer • Spreads rumor of King’s disrepect for Tricolor • Women • Customarily managed family resources • Parisian women worked as wage earners within putting out system • Nobles fled country after Bastille • Demand for luxuries plummeted • 7 thousand women and revolutionary militants with Paris national guard marched to Versailles • angered by the price of bread and thought king was undermining the Assembly • Interrupted National Assembly • Demanded bread • demanded an audience with the king • broke into the palace • Slaughtered Royal Guardsmen • Royal Family forced to return to Paris

  16. Constitution of 1791 • National Assembly moves to Paris • France a Constitutional Monarchy • One house system called the Legislative assembly • elected representatives • Has all lawmaking power • King has only a suspension veto • Abolish all privilege • Women • May seek divorce • Inherit property • Seek child support • Not allowed to vote or hold political office • Rousseauian attitude toward women • Raise children • Corrupting influence on Old Regime • Replaced provinces with 83 departments based on old bishoprics • Metric system adopted • Monopolies, guilds, unions prohibited • Religious toleration

  17. Citizenship • Only Active Citizens could Vote • What is an Active Citizen? • Males over 25 that could pay a tax • only 50% qualified as “active citizens” • voted indirectly for electors who were wealthy land owners • electors chose delegates to National Assembly and departments • Passive • – landless • illiterate- worker • Had Civil rights But no right to vote • King • lost power of army and couldn’t sit in Assembly This cartoon mocks the distinction between active and passive citizens. Many revolutionaries hated this difference, essentially dividing those with property from those without. The propertied (active) were the only ones who could participate in the political process

  18. Church Lands Seized (Nov. 1789) • Huge Public debt owed to the bourgeois • National Assembly paid debt by taking over Church lands • Issued assignats • Paper currency backed by sale of Church lands • Favored middle class • peasants did receive land through middle men

  19. Civil Constitution of the Clergy • National Assembly Secularized and Nationalized Catholic Church • Parish priests and bishops were elected (by 50 thousand electors) • Protestant, Jews and agnostics could vote • No papal letter was accepted to affirm the appointment • could not carry out Pope order unless approved by gov • Reduce number of dioceses from 130 to 83 (one for each dept.) • Prohibited religious vows and dissolved the monasteries

  20. The Quarrel with the Church • Bishops want a say in the Civil Constitution • Assembly refused and stupidly went to the Pope for his blessing • instead the Pope denounced the entire revolution • National (Constituent) Assembly demands an oath of loyalty from all French clergy • All except a few Bishops refuse (Talleyrand)

  21. The Quarrel with the Church • Created two churches in France • Constitutional clergy • Official and taking directives from the National Assembly • Refractory clergy • Covert and taking directives from Rome • more serious Catholics belonged to this • King sides with the refractory church • example of the King makes laity nervous • peasants prefer the refractory church • working class prefer the refractory church • desire proper marriages and baptisms cartoon representation of the confiscation of church lands

  22. Radicals Take Over • émigrés -Conservatives become disillusioned by mob violence leave the country • Mobs and anarchists are taking over • San Culottes • Radical and violent urban working class artisans • Despised breeches (culottes) of nobility • Anti-rich • Not anti-private property • Equality (favored direct democracy) • Favorite weapon (Pike) • Influenced the Jacobins • Jacobins • Society of Friends of the Constitution – Jacobins • Extremely revolutionary • Club that met in old Jacobin monastery • discuss policies • A middle class, bourgeois club • Many elected to new National Assembly in Constitution of 1791 Sans Culottes

  23. Flight to Varennes • In 1791 attempted “flight of Varennes” (town in Lorraine) and tried to escape the country, join with émigré noblemen, seek help from foreign powers • King left a written message in which he trashed the Revolution • Assembly increasingly under control of Jacobins • Extreme revolutionaries • Bond between King and people irreparably damaged

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