1. Lorentz Transformation Transforming position and time

2. Lorentz Transformation • Again consider the transformation problem. • The required transformation consists of equations allowing us to calculate the primed set of numbers in terms of the unprimed set or vice versa. • The Lorentz transforms replace the Galilean transforms of position and time.

3. u z z′ ut x′ t t′ O O′ x x′ Lorentz Transformation • The Lorentz transformations will be proved at a later. • Again consider the case,

4. Lorentz Transformation • The Lorentz transformations for position and time are:

5. Lorentz Transformation • The inverse of these equations give:

6. v P y y′ y r t = t′ = 0 r′ x x′ x x′ Lorentz Transformation • The transformation equations are valid for all speeds < c. • Consider a flash bulb attached to S′ that goes off, y′

7. v P y y′ y r t = t′ = 0 r′ x x′ x x′ Lorentz Transformation • At the instance it goes off the two frames coincide. At some later time the wavefront is at some point P. y′

8. v P y y′ y r t = t′ = 0 r′ x x′ x x′ Lorentz Transformation • r: distance to a point on the wavefront measured by an observer in S. • r′: distance to a point on the wavefront measured by an observer in S′. y′

9. Lorentz Transformation • r=ct • r′=ct′ Stationary Frame Moving Frame

10. Lorentz Transformation • For simplicity, the general problem is stated so that the motion of P is along the x-x′ axis. y y′ vt x′ P As a result: y=y′ ; z=z′ x O O′ x x′

11. Lorentz Transformation • Radius of a sphere is in the S frame and similarly in the S′ frame.

12. Lorentz Transformation • Substituting is into the previous equations and subtracting we get that,

13. Lorentz Transformation • We know that in the stationary frame, the distance travelled is given by • In the stationary frame, the distance travelled is

14. Lorentz Transformation • We know that in the stationary frame, the distance travelled is given by • In the stationary frame, the distance travelled is • Using equations 5,6,7 we can show that,

15. Lorentz Transformation • Summary:

16. Lorentz Transformation • Summary: • The Lorentz transformations can be verified by substituting equations 8,9 into the RHS of equation 5.

17. Lorentz Transformation • To produce the Lorentz transformations for primed frame to the unprimed frame we substitute v with –v.

18. Lorentz Transformation • For , the Lorentz transformations reduce to the Galilean transformations. When ; v/c <<1 and .

19. Lorentz Transformation • Example: • As measured by S, a flash of light goes off at x=100km, y=10km, z=1km at t=0.5ms. What are the coordinates of x′,y′,z′ and t′ of this event as determined by an observer S′ moving relative to S at -0.8c along the common x-x′ axis?

20. Lorentz Transformation • Solution: • The question requires us to transform from the unprimed to the primed! Therefore use,

21. Lorentz Transformation • Solution:

22. Lorentz Transformation • Solution:

23. Lorentz Transformation • Solution: