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1700-1900 Chapter 9 Section 1. The Industrial Revolution. Goals and Objectives. Upon completion, students should be able to: Explain the causes of the Industrial Revolution Describe the new inventions during the industrial revolution
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1700-1900 Chapter 9 Section 1 The Industrial Revolution
Goals and Objectives • Upon completion, students should be able to: • Explain the causes of the Industrial Revolution • Describe the new inventions during the industrial revolution • Identify the changes as a result of the industrial revolution • Summarize the impacts of the industrial revolution on Europe and the west
The industrial Revolution • -The greatly increased output of machine made goods. • It began in England in the middle 1700’s. • Prior to the use of machinery, clothing wove textiles by hand
Why England first? • Because wealthy landowners had bought up so much land that farm methods had to change by village farmers. • England possessed numerous raw materials (iron-ore, coal) and river systems needed along with harbors for merchants to sell and ship goods. • England had a large population for workforce. • The English government supported innovation and technology.
Agriculture leads the revolution • Enclosures- fences or hedges that closed off land. This led to • Trying new agricultural methods including seeding methods. JethroTull- invented the seeding drill in 1701. • Small farmers were forced to become tenant farmers or to quit farming and move to cities.
Crop rotation and sheep breeding • Switching crops in order to avoid exhausting the soil. • This process became common in the 1700’s and also led to increased crop yielding. • Science also introduced new innovation in sheep breeding leading to larger sheep. • As a result of increased food supplies, England’s population boomed in the 1700’s. • Urbanization spread leading to a need for more jobs in the cities.
England’s advantages • England had the key factors of production land, labor and a capital. • England had a strong military that began to colonize other parts of the world. • England’s strong bank system expanded loans to inventors and entrepreneurs.
New inventions • John Kay- 1733 invented the flying shuttle, a boat shaped object that allowed yarn to be weaved rapidly. • James Hargreaves- 1763, invented a spinning wheel (spinning Jenny) allowing a spinner to work eight threads at one time. • Richard Arkwright- 1769 invented a water frame allowing water stream to power the wheel. • Samuel Crampton- 1779- invented the the spinning mule, a combo of the spinning jenny and water frame. This led to a stronger thread. • Edmund Cartwright- 1787 invented the power loom speeding up weaving.
New inventions continued • Because this machinery was expensive, it was moved into factories. • The factories required water as a power source so they were built on river systems. • Eli Whitney- built the cotton gin in 1793, this helped England since most of its cotton came from the American south. • In 20 years, cotton production increased from 1.5 million pounds to 85 million.
Improvements in transportation • James Watt- 1774 joined with Matthew Boulton an entrepreneur to build a better steam engines. • Robert Fulton- 1807 built a steam boat called the Clermont. It was powered by a steam engine built by Watt and Boulton. • England later built a network of canals and waterways extending over 4,000 miles. • England would later build a series of roads for heavy machines thus leading to railroads.
The birth of railroads • In 1804 Richard Trevithick won a bet by hauling ten tons of iron using a steam driven locomotive. This is considered the be the first railroad train. • George Stephenson built 20 engines for mine operations. This was considered to be the first railroad lines. • The Liverpool-Manchester Railroads- built in 1829 with traveling speeds of 24 miles per hour. • Railroads became wildly popular in England and were used to transport both goods, raw materials and people.
