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The necessary introduction to histology

The necessary introduction to histology. or What is the composition of the living matter?. Doc. MUDr. Marie Jirkovská,CSc Institute of Histology and Embryology. Physical and chemical features of the components of living mass determine their visualization on histological slide.

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The necessary introduction to histology

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  1. The necessary introduction to histology or What is the composition of the living matter? Doc. MUDr. Marie Jirkovská,CSc Institute of Histology and Embryology Physical and chemical features of the components of living mass determine their visualization on histological slide.

  2. DNA- deoxyribose, phosphate, bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine - A,G,C,T) less more stable stable nucleotide dinucleotide R.J.Epstein: Human Molecular Biology, 2003 DNA molecule – hydrogen-bonded base pairs

  3. From DNA to chromosome Levels of DNA structure R.J.Epstein: Human Molecular Biology, 2003

  4. RNA- ribose, phosphate, bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil - A,G,C,U) mRNA – messenger RNA (transfer of information from nucleus to cytoplasm) rRNAs – together with certain proteins form ribosomes tRNAs – match aminoacids to codons in mRNA R.J.Epstein: Human Molecular Biology, 2003 ATP (adenosine-triphosphate), GTP (guanosine-triphosphate) - ribonucleotides containing high-energy bonds.

  5. Proteinslong chains of L-aminoacids, each linked to its neighbor through peptide bond Aminoacids:essential (from food only) nonessential (synthetized in the organism) Various shapes of protein molecules According to features of aminoacids side chains (R) polypeptides form three-dimensional conformation and have electrical charge. Polypeptides may bind oligosaccharide chain (glycoproteins). Alberts B et al. Essential Cell Biology, 1998 R.J.Epstein: Human Molecular Biology, 2003

  6. Lipids – water insoluble(fatty acids, triacylglycerols, steroids, glycolipids) Fatty acids a) saturated b) unsaturated (one or more double bonds ). Components of glycolipids, phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols - esters of glycerol and fatty acids  Steroids - cholesterol and its derivatives (steroid hormones, biliary acids) Glycolipids - composed of two long hydrocarbon chains and a polar region containing one or more sugar residues. Essential fatty acids – from food only (e.g. linoleic acid, linolenic acid). Alberts B et al. Essential Cell Biology, 1998

  7. Sugars (mono-, di-, oligo-, polysaccharides) Monosaccharides - e.g. components of nucleic acids (ribose, deoxyribose), energy source (glucose). Disaccharides - energy source, absorbed after breaking down into monosaccharides. Alberts B et al. Essential Cell Biology, 1998 Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides - linear and branched molecules made from monosaccharides, e.g. glycogen (made entirely of glucose units).

  8. Enzymesdetermine all of the chemical transformations that occur in cells. Each of thousands of those transformations is catalysed by a special enzyme. The name of enzyme is characterized by suffix -ase (e.g. phosphatase, dehydrogenase). Enzyme consists of a big protein molecule which conformation forms „active site“ - there is bound molecule of substrate (S). Enzyme catalyses its transformation to product. Lock and key model of enzyme mechanism. Elliot H, Elliot D: Biochemistry and molecular biology, 2001 In addition to protein molecule (apoenzyme), the function of some enzymes requires cofactors ( Mg+2 ,Zn+2)or coenzymes (e.g. vitamine derivatives). Temperature and pH influence the activity of enzyme.

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