The High and Late Middle Ages

1. The High and Late Middle Ages Chapter 8

2. Royal Power Grows Section 1

3. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church • Monarchs stood at the head of society but had limited power. • Nobles and the Church had as much power as monarchs. • Collected their own taxes • Had their own armies • Had their own courts

4. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church • High Middle Ages (1000-1300) the balance of power started to shift. • Monarchs began to centralize power • Organized governments • Developed a tax system • Built standing armies • Strengthened ties with the townspeople and middle class.

5. William of Normandy Conquered England • William is from France and was a ruthless descendent of the Vikings who battled King Harold for the English throne • William the Conqueror became the king of England on Christmas Day 1066 when he beat King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

6. Expanding Royal Power • Like other feudal lords, William granted fiefs to the Church and to his barons but also kept a large amount of land for himself. • He monitored who built castles • Required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him rather than to any other feudal lord.

7. Expanding Royal Power • William Had a complete census take n 1086 and listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England…DomesdayBook • Created the royal exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes, fees, fines, and other duties

8. Developing a Unified Legal System • In 1154 King Henry II inherited the throne. • Common Law= a legal system based on customs and court rulings • Henry also developed a jury system • Grand juries • Trial juries

9. Conflict With the Church • Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts. • Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury fiercely opposed the King on this issue. • 4 of Henry’s knights murdered the archbishop in his own cathedral.

10. Magna Carta • King John was a clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler. • In 1215 a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta. • Nobles had certain rights • Monarch must obay the law

11. Magna Carta • Due process of the law • Habeas corpus= no one person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. • King could not raise taxes without the consent of his Great council

12. Development of Parliament • The Kings Great Council would later develop into Parliament during the 1200’s. • Parliament is Englands legislature. • Two house body • House of Lords (Nobles and high clergy) • House of Commons (Knights and middle class)

14. Successful Monarchs in France • In 1179 Philip II became King of France • Philip paid middle-class officials who would owe their loyalty to him to fill government positions. • Granted charters to new towns and created a national tax • Quadrupled royal land holdings

15. Louis IX, King and Saint • In 1226, Louis IX became King of France • Persecuted heretics and Jews • Led French Knights in two Crusades, or wars against Muslims. • Sent out royal officials to check on local administrators • Helped create a strong nationalistic feeling

16. Clashing With the Pope • Phillip IV, Louis grandson, ruthlessly extended royal power. • To raise cash, he tried to collect new taxes from the clergy. • The pope forbade the clergy to pay this tax, so Phillip threatened to arrest any clergy who did not pay. • Phillip would eventually send troops to Rome to seize the pope.

17. Clashing with the Pope • In 1305, a Frenchman was elected pope and moved the papal court to Avignon, just outside the southern boarder of France. • This move would lead to crisis in the Church when another pope was elected in Rome….both popes claimed to be the leaders of the church.

18. Forming the Estates General • Phillip rallied French support by setting up the Estates General in 1302. • This body had representatives from all three classes of French society • Clergy • Nobles • Townspeople

19. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church Section 2

20. Henry IV Pope Gregory VII

21. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

22. Pope Innocent III

23. The Crusades and the Wider World Section 3

24. Crusades • In these wars Christians battled Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East. • As they moved eastward, Christians began to realize the world was much larger than they had ever dreamed.

25. The World in 1050 • The religion of Islam had given rise to a brilliant civilization that stretched from present day Spain to India. • India was a land of thriving cities where wealthy princes built stunning temples and palaces.

26. The World in 1050 • In 1050’s the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine empire and extended their power over the Holy Land • Holy Land= Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believed Jesus lived and preached.

27. The Crusades • The Byzantine emperor Alexius I urgently asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks. • At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban incited bishops and nobles take action • By 1096 thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land

28. Called to War • Many knights hoped to win wealth and land • Some crusaders sought to escape troubles at home • Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches.

29. Fighting a Losing Battle • After a long and bloody campaign, Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099. • Caped their victory with a massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents.

30. Fighting a losing battle • The Crusades continued on for over 200 years • Divided their captured lands into four small states called crusader states. • In 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslims and Christians failed to retake it. • The victor was the Muslim leader Saladin

31. Fighting a losing battle • Also launched crusades against other Muslim lands, especially North Africa. • All ended in defeat

32. European Economies Expant • Europeans had developed a taste for luxuries from the Byzantine Empire • Trade increased and expanded because of the crusades.

33. Effects on Monarchs and the Church • Helped to increase the power of monarchs. • These rulers won new rights to collect taxes in order to support crusades • Enthusiasm for the crusades brought papal power to its greatest height

34. A Wider Worldview Evolves • Contacts with the Muslim world led Christians to realize that millions of people lived in regions they had never known. • Soon, a few curious Europeans left to explore India and China • Marco Polo, set out for China.

35. The Reconquista • North African Muslims called Moors, had conquered most of present day Spain • The Christian campaign that sought to drive Muslims from the Iberian peninsula became known as the Reconquista, or “reconquest”.

36. Christians Conquer Spain • In 1085 Christians captured the city of Toledo • By 1044 the Christian capital of Portugal had been established • By 1300 Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula except for Granada. • Ferdinand and Isabella created the unified state of Spain and helped Granada fall in 1492.

37. Spain Expels Non-Christians • Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to impose unity on their diverse peoples. • Spanish Inquisition= Church court set up to try people accused of heresy. • If Muslims or Jews were found practicing their religions they could be turned over to the secular authorities for punishment • Many were burned at the state • More than 150,000 people fled Spain.

38. Learning and Culture Flourish Section 4

39. Canterbury Tales

40. Gothic Cathedral

41. Flying Buttresses

42. Illumination Books

43. A time of Crisis Section 5

44. A Black Death: A Global Epidemic • Autumn of 1357 a fleet of trading ships landed in Messina and the townspeople began to die. • By 1348, it had reached Spain and France. • 1 out of 3 people died.

45. The Plague Spreads to Asia • Bubonic Plague= a disease spread by fleas carried by rats • In pre- modern world rats infested ships, towns, and even homes • In the early 1300’s rats spread the plague in crowded Chinese cities which killed about 35 million people.

46. Normal Life Breaks Down • People had no way to stop the disease---terror set in. • Some say the Plague as Gods punishment. • Some Christians blamed Jews for the Plague, as a result thousands were slaughtered. • People left cities to avoid contracting the disease.

47. The Economy Suffers • When workers and employers died, production declined • Survivors demanded higher wages • Inflation broke out • People forced off land • Revolts erupted

48. The Church Splits • In 1309, Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon. It remained there for 70 years under French domination. • In 1378, reformers elected their own pope to rule from Rome. • This led to a schism, or split, in the church • During a schism, two or three popes claimed to be the true pope.

49. The church Splits • In 1417, a church council at Constance, Germany voted to remove authority from all three popes and elected a compromising candidate. • Pope Martin V returned the papacy to Rome.

50. Responding to New Heresies • John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, attacked corruption in Church • The Bible was the source of Christian truth • His followers began to translate the Bible into English so that people could read it themselves rather than rely on clergy to interpret it. • People were tired and burned at the stake for preaching heresy.