1 / 33

Chapter 2: Corporate Formations and Capital Structure

Chapter 2: Corporate Formations and Capital Structure. Chapter 2: Corporate Formations and Capital Structure. CORPORATE FORMATION. Alternative business forms Check-the-box regulations Legal requirements for forming a corporation §351 deferrals Choice of capital structure

tekla
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 2: Corporate Formations and Capital Structure

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 2:Corporate Formationsand CapitalStructure Chapter 2: Corporate Formations and Capital Structure

  2. CORPORATE FORMATION • Alternative business forms • Check-the-box regulations • Legal requirements for forming a corporation • §351 deferrals • Choice of capital structure • Worthless stock or debt obligations

  3. Forms of Business • Sole proprietorships • Partnerships • Corporations • C Corporations • S Corporations • Limited liability companies • Limited liability partnerships

  4. Sole Proprietorship(1 of 2) • One owner • Not a separate entity • Income reported on Sch. C of 1040 • No limited liability • Tax advantages • Profits taxed once • No tax on contributions or withdrawals • Losses offset other income (with limitations)

  5. Sole Proprietorship(2 of 2) • Tax disadvantages • Profits taxed as earned • Owner not employee • Profits subject to SE tax • Not eligible for some tax-exempt fringe benefits • No fiscal year deferral

  6. Partnerships(1 of 3) • Two or more owners • Conduit entity • Reports, but does not pay income tax • No limited liability • Except for limited partners

  7. Partnerships(2 of 3) • Tax advantages • Losses offset other income (with limitations) • Income retains its character • Income/gain increases basis

  8. Partnerships(3 of 3) • Tax disadvantages • Profits taxed as earned • Partners not employees • Profits subject to SE tax • Not eligible for some tax-exempt fringe benefits • Fiscal year deferral difficult to obtain

  9. C Corporations(1 of 2) • Separate taxpaying entity • Limited liability • Tax advantages • Tax rates start at 15% • Shareholders may be employees • No SE tax • Eligible for tax-exempt fringe benefits • May exclude 50% of gain on stock sale if certain requirements met

  10. C Corporations(2 of 2) • Tax disadvantages • Double taxation of income • Corporate and shareholder level • However, tax rate at shareholder level is at capital gains rates (generally 15%) • Withdrawals (dividends) taxable • NOLs cannot be used in current year • Capital losses cannot offset ordinary income

  11. S Corporations(1 of 3) • Conduit entity • Similar to a partnership, but • Less flexible than a partnership • Must file an election to be an S corp. • Subject to rules under Subchapter S • Follows same rules as a C Corp except for specific items addressed in Subchapter S

  12. S Corporations(2 of 3) • Tax advantages • Generally exempt from taxation • Losses flow through to shareholders • Income retains its character • Income/gain increases basis • Shareholders may be employees • S Corp net income not subject to SE tax

  13. S Corporations(3 of 3) • Tax disadvantages • Profits taxed as earned • S Corp shareholders generally not eligible for tax-exempt fringe benefits • S Corp cannot choose a fiscal year to obtain income deferral

  14. Limited Liability Companies • Limited liability for all owners • No ownership restrictions • May be taxed as partnership or corporation

  15. Limited Liability Partnership • Partners liable for only their own actions • No liability for negligence or misconduct of other partners • May be taxed as either a partnership or corporation

  16. Check-the-Box Regulations • Unincorporated entities choose to be taxed as partnership or corp • Sole proprietor or corp if one owner • Entity must choose tax status or • Accept default status • Partnership (sole proprietor if one owner)

  17. Requirements to Incorporate • Dependent on state law • Minimum capital requirements • File of articles or incorporation • Granting of charter by state • Issue of stock • Pay state incorporation fees

  18. §351 Deferrals(1 of 2) • No gain or loss recognized if: • PROPERTY transferred in exchange for stock and • Transferors have control of corp immediately after the exchange • Transfers may be for new or existing corporations

  19. §351 Deferrals(2 of 2) • Stock requirement • Tax effects on transferors • Tax effects on transferee corp • Assumption of liabilities • See Table C2-1 for a summary of corporate formation rules

  20. §351 Deferrals:Property Requirement • Property does not include: • Services • Indebtedness of transferee not evidenced by a security • Interest on indebtedness of transferee that accrued on or after beginning of transferor’s holding period for the debt

  21. §351 Deferrals:Control Requirement • Transferors must own at least: • 80% of total combined voting power of all classes of stock and • 80% of total number of shares of all other classes of stock • Contribution of services & property • Stock of transferor counted towards 80% if FMV of property  10% of service’s value

  22. §351 Deferrals:Tax Effects on Transferors (1 of 3) • General rules • No gain or loss recognized • Basis in stock same as basis in property (substituted basis) • Holding period of stock includes holding period of assets

  23. §351 Deferrals:Tax Effects on Transferors (2 of 3) • When boot received • Gain recognized lesser of gain realized or FMV of boot received • Gain recognized when liabilities transferred exceed basis in assets transferred • Basis in stock increased by gain recognized

  24. §351 Deferrals:Tax Effects on Transferors (3 of 3) • When boot received (continued) • Basis in boot property is FMV • Holding period of boot begins day after exchange

  25. §351 Deferrals: Tax Effects on Transfee Corp (1 of 2) • No gain or loss recognized • Basis in property received • Transferor’s adjusted basis plus • gain recognized • Basis = total FMV of property transferred when basis in property transferred > FMV • If all s/h agree, s/h that contributed property can reduce her basis in stock instead of corp reducing basis in assets

  26. §351 Deferrals: Tax Effects on Transfee Corp (2 of 2) • Depreciation recapture potential transfers to transferee corporation • Holding period includes transferor’s holding period • Holding period begins day after transfer when basis reduced to FMV

  27. Choice of Capital Structures Debt Interest deductible by corp Repayment of debt not taxable to s/h Debt received in §351 is boot to s/h Worthless debt is capital loss to s/h Debt distributed by corp taxable to s/h Equity Dividends not deductible by corp S/h only pays max 15% on dividends received Stock redemption can be taxable dividend to s/h Stock received in §351 not boot to s/h Worthless §1244 stock is ordinary loss to s/h Stock distributed by corp not taxable to s/h

  28. Choice of Capital Structures:(1 of 2: Debt) • Interest deductible by corp • Repayment of debt not taxable to s/h • Debt received in §351 is boot to s/h • Worthless debt is capital loss to s/h • Debt distributed by corp taxable to s/h

  29. Choice of Capital Structures:(2 of 2: Equity) • Dividends not deductible by corp • S/h only pays max 15% on div. received • Stock redemption can be taxable dividend to s/h • Stock received in §351 not boot to s/h • Worthless §1244 stock is ordinary loss to s/h • Stock distributed by corp not taxable to s/h

  30. Worthless Stock or Debt(1 of 3) • Investment evidenced by a security that becomes worthless produces a capital loss on last day of tax year • Securities include: • Stock of a corporation • Rights to subscribe for stock to be issued • Evidence of indebtedness

  31. Worthless Stock or Debt(2 of 3) • Ordinary Loss Situations • Securities that are noncapital assets • Securities of affiliated companies • §1244 stock

  32. Worthless Stock or Debt(3 of 3) • §1244 stock • Qualifying small business stock • Must be the original purchaser • Ordinary loss up to $50k or $100k if MFJ • Corp must have received $1M or less of property in exchange for stock

  33. End of Chapter 2 Comments or questions about PowerPoint Slides?Contact Dr. Richard Newmark atUniversity of Northern Colorado’sKenneth W. Monfort College of Businessrichard.newmark@PhDuh.com

More Related