1. GIS Tutorial 1 Lecture 9 Spatial Analysis

2. Outline • Proximity buffers • Calculate Area • Determine x,y values of centroids • Site suitability example • Basic apportionment • Advanced apportionment GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 2

3. Lecture 9 Proximity buffers GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

4. Proximity buffers • Points • Circular buffers with user supplied radius • Lines • Looks like worm based on line feature GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 4

5. Proximity buffers • Polygons • Extends polygons outward and rounds off corners • Created by assigning a buffer distance around polygon GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 5

6. Point buffer example • Polluting company buffers • Added schools • Added population Buffering is located in ArcToolbox: Select Analysis Tools, Proximity, Buffer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 6

7. Point buffer example • Crimes near schools GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 7

8. Line buffer example • Businesses within .25 miles of a selected street GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

9. Select features in buffer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 9

10. Spatial join to count • Join business points to buffer polygon GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 10

11. Polygon buffer example • Parcels within 150′ of selected property GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

12. Select features in buffer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 12

13. Polygon buffer example • River buffer to analyze environmental conditions, flooding, etc. GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

14. Lecture 9 Calculate Area GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

15. Area: Add the Field • Add area field in shapefile • Right click area field • Calculate Geometry • Select Property= Area and Units= Square miles or Sq Ft GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

16. Area: calculate the area • Result is the area field is populated for each • polygon feature GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

17. Lecture 9 Determine x,y values of centroids GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

18. Polygon Centroids • Advanced calculations for finding polygon centroids • Added as an XY Data Layer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

19. Point Centroid • Add x & y fields in shapefile • Right click x field • Calculate Geometry • Select Property= x Coordinate of Centroid • and Units= Feet • Right click y field and repeat for y coordinate of centroid GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

20. Polygon Centroids • Export attributes as table • Add as XY Data: • File>Add Data> Add XY Data GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

21. Lecture 9 SITE Suitability GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

22. Locate new police station • Criteria • Must be centrally located in each car beat (within a 0.33-mile radius buffer of car beat centroids) • Must be in retail/commercial areas (within 0.10 mile of at least one retail business) • Must be within 0.05 mile of major streets GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

23. Starting map • Lake Precinct of the Rochester, New York, Police Department • Police car beats • Retail business points • Street centerlines GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

24. Create car beat centroids • XY centroids for police beats GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

25. Buffer car beat centroids • .33 mile buffer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 25

26. Buffer retail businesses • 0.1 mile buffer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 26

27. Select major streets • Select by attribute GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 27

28. Buffer major streets • 0.05 mile buffer GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 28

29. Intersect buffers • Can only intersect two at a time • Car beat and businesses • Streets GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 29

30. Site suitability result • Map showing possible sites for police station GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 30

31. Lecture 9 Basic apportionment GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

32. Apportionment example • Population by voting district • You want to know the population of a voting district but only have census tracts • Voting districts and census tracts are not contiguous • Approximate the population of voting using census tracts and blocks GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 32

33. Population by voting district • Start with census tracts GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

34. Population by voting district • Overlay voting districts (not contiguous with tracts) GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 34

35. Population by voting district • Better to use block centroids for population • Smaller than tracts GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

36. Spatially join centriods • Join centroids to voting districts GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 36

37. Other simple apportionments • Population by • Neighborhoods • Zip Codes • Historic sites • Others? GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

38. Census data to apportion • Short form SF1 data (tract, block group, block) • Population • Age • Race • Housing Units • Others? • Long form SF3 data (tract and block group) • Educational attainment • Income • Poverty status • Others? GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 38

39. Lecture 9 Advanced apportionment GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

40. Advanced Apportionment • Chapter 9 example • Police want to know the number of under-educated persons in their car beats • Under-educated data is located SF3 tables, census tracts or block groups (not car beat polygons) GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 40

41. Data to apportion • Car beats • Census tracts • Beats and tracts • Not contiguous GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 41

42. Beats and tracts zoomed • Tracts clearly cut across beats GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 42

43. Tract attribute table • Tracts contain undereducated data • No high school degree GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 43

44. Math of apportionment • Simple census data (e.g. population) is not a problem • Can use block centroids • Problem • Block centroids don’t contain undereducatedpopulation • Tracts contain thisinformation GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 44

45. Math of apportionment • Tract 360550002100 • Car beats 261 and 251 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 45

46. Math of apportionment • One approach • Assume that the target population is uniformly distributed across the tract • You could split undereducated population up by the fraction of the area of the tract in each car beat • What if, however, the tract has a cemetery, park, or other unoccupied areas? Then the apportionment could have sizable errors GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 46

47. Math of apportionment • A better approach • Use a block-level, short-form census attribute as the basis of apportionment • Assume that the long-form attribute of interest is uniformly distributed across the short-form population (accounts for unoccupied areas) • One limitation of the block-level data is that the break points for age categories do not match those of the educational attainment data (persons 25 or older) • The best that can be done with the block data is to tabulate persons aged 22 or older • Close enough for approximation GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 47

48. Math of apportionment • Tract 360550002100 has 39 block centroids that span 2 beats Of the 26 blocks making up the tract, the 13 that lie in car beat 261 have 1,177 people aged 22 or older. The other 13 blocks in car beat 251 have 1,089 such people for a total of 2,266 for the tract. GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 48

49. Math of apportionment • Apportionment assumes that the fraction of undereducated people aged 25 or older is the same as that for the general population aged 22 or older • This fraction, called the weight, is 1,177 ÷ 2,266 = 0.519. For the other car beat, the weight is 1,089 ÷ 2,266 = 0.481 • Thus, we estimate the contribution of tract 36055002100 to car beat 261’s undereducated population to be (1,177 ÷ 2,266) × 205 = 106. For car beat 251, it is (1,089 ÷ 2,266) × 205 = 99 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 49

50. Math of apportionment • Eventually, by apportioning all tracts, we can sum up the total undereducated population for car beats 261 and 251 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 50