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CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 5. Modal Auxiliary Verbs Similar Expressions. To begin with. Verbs are generally divided into two main classes: Lexical Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs are further divided into three groups:

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CHAPTER 5

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  1. CHAPTER 5 Modal Auxiliary Verbs Similar Expressions

  2. To begin with Verbs are generally divided into two main classes: Lexical Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs are further divided into three groups: Principle Auxiliary Semi Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary e.g. all Dummies expressions e.g. Has to, Have to e.g. will, shall, can etc

  3. Continued: Modal Auxiliary Verbs:Are also called modal verbs. The term modal auxiliary is composed of two words. Modal and Auxiliary 1.Modal is translated into two ways: According to grammar modal means mood or state. According to grammar auxiliary means helping or helpful. So, modal auxiliary basically means helping mood or verb. In English grammar modal auxiliary verbs are used for the following purposes: A: To show the mood of verb in a sentence. e.g. He can cook fried chicken.  Note: In above example the word (can) is modal auxiliary verb showing ability. So this ability by itself is a mood.

  4. Continued: Modal auxiliary verbs are used to add additional meaning to the main verb of the sentence such as: • Ability, Possibility, advisability, necessity, permission, request, suggestion… E.g. I speak English. I can speak English.

  5. Usages of Modal Auxiliary Verbs • Primary Usage: The most common use of the modals is called primary usage. Can: Ability E.g. I can drive a truck. • Secondary Usages: The other usages of modals are called secondary usage. Can: Possibility, Permission, Request E.g. Can I use your phone please? (class examples)

  6. Similar Expressions and Semi-Modals • Expressions which are used to substitute the modals with the same meaning are called similar expressions to modals. E.g. Be able to, Be supposed to, Be going to (class examples) ************************************************* • Words that somehow have the characteristics of modals are called Semi-modals. E.g. Need, Dare (class examples )

  7. THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB should (e) Inga shouldgo inside. had better (f) You had bettergo inside. must (g) He must be gentle with the cat. will (h) They will attend the recital. would (i) I would like to meet her.

  8. THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may had better might not followed by to Inga can to play the violin.

  9. THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may had better might no final -s Inga can plays the violin.

  10. THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may had better might not in past form Inga can played the violin.

  11. THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may had better might not in -ing form Inga can playing the violin.

  12. Expressing Ability We use Can, Could, =Be able to • We can use “can=be able to” for present ability. E.g. I can speak French. I am able to speak French. • Use of “ COULD” • We can use “could=be able to” for past ability. E.g. I could play cricket when I was a kid. I was able to play cricket two years ago. John is not here. He could be at the room. ( present possibility) Its cloudy today. It could rain any time. ( future possibility) (class practice) (class practice for secondary usage of Could?) We can also use “can=be able to” for future ability. For example: ?

  13. Alternatives for “could” • Could I open the door? • Should I open the door? • May I open the door? • Shall I open the door ?

  14. I Rewrite the sentences. Use “CAN” for ability. • He’s able to drive a car. • My daughter is capableof playing piano beautifully. • She’s an excellent secretary. She has the ability to type 80 words a minute. He can drive a car. My daughter can play piano beautifully. She can type 80 words a minute. class examples

  15. “can” to be used to show ability • Most adults are unable to use a computer. • A recent investigation shows that 65% of high school students don’t know how to use a calculator. • Only 2% of Chileans are able to speak English fluently. students examples Most adults can’t use a computer. ... 65% of high school students can’t use a calculator. Only 2% of Chileans can speak English fluently.

  16. Different ways to express ability • Can • Be able to • Be capable of (ING) • Have the ability to • Know how to • e.g I (can/am able to/have the ability to/am capable of/know how to) drive a car.

  17. CAN / MAY are used to indicate a present or future POSSIBILITY e.g. The price may / can be found at the back of the book. (It’s possible to find the price at the back of the book)

  18. EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN (f) Maybe it will snow tomorrow. COMPARE (g) Maybe the test will be hard. (h) The test may be hard. maybe “possibly” beginning of sentence adverb verb may + the main verb be may be = (class practice) Note: “Maybe” together as Adverb while “May be” separately as Verb

  19. Written class practice II Rewrite the sentences. Use “MAY” or “CAN” for possibility. Due to the repairs, trains may be subject to delay. • Due to the repairs, trains are possibly subject to delay. 2.It’s possible that we face an energy crisis this winter. 3. Maybe we’ll change room for the next test since the room is very small. Note: “May” and “Might” express possibility in the present or in the future. For example A. It may rain tomorrow. B. It might rain tomorrow. We may face an energy crisis this winter. We may change room for the next test since the room ...

  20. Continued • Perhaps agronomists will have to test the soil because they’ve found traces of pollutants. • Let’s not wait any longer. It’s possible that he won’t come today. • It’s possible that ships won’t dock in the harbor because of the rain. Agronomists may have to test the soil because ... He may not come today. Ships may not dock in the harbor because of the rain.

  21. CAN / MAY are also used to give PERMISSION. For example: You can / may speak to the patient just a few minutes. (You’re allowed to speak to the patient just a few minutes)

  22. Asking for Permission • We can use May, Can, Could, When these auxiliaries are used before the subject, it means that the speaker is making a request. E.g. May/can/could I come in? Note: “May” and “Might” express possibility in the present or in the future. For example • It may rain tomorrow. • It might rain tomorrow.

  23. “May, Can and Could” • “May” and “Could” however are more formal and more polite as compared to “Can”. • Examples: • Can I come in ? • May I come in please? • Could I come in please? Class practice for “ Can” and “May”

  24. POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU POLITE QUESTION POLITE ANSWERS (a) Would you please explain that again? Yes. Sure. Uh-huh. (b) Could you please explain that again? Yes. Of course. (c) Will you please explain that again? Certainly. Okay. (d) Can you please explain that again? Of course. I’d be glad to. I’m sorry. I don’t have time. basically the same meaning

  25. EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER should ought to had better (a) I have a headache. I take a nap. should ought to had better same meaning good idea, good advice Common usages of “Should, ought to, must”:

  26. EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER (b) He’d betterbe careful. His pan is on fire! Had better usually = warning

  27. LET’S PRACTICE You’d better quit watching TV all day. Possible bad results?  eat too much catch a cold hurt your eyes not study enough not exercise enough   

  28. LET’S PRACTICE He’d better not walk there. Possible bad results?  fall get hurt get the flu be embarrassed fail a test  

  29. LET’S PRACTICE He’d better stay awake in school. Possible bad results?  miss something get hurt get in trouble fail a test get the flu  

  30. EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST This man has to wear ear protection.

  31. EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST PRONUNCIATION (h) I have to (“hafta”) call my mom. (i) Jason has to (“hasta”) work tomorrow. (j) I’ve got to (“gotta”) cook dinner tonight. /hӕftә/ or /hӕftu/ /hӕstә/ or /hӕstu/ /gadә/ or /gәtә/

  32. EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST (a) I want to become a doctor. I go to medical school. have to have got to must have to have got to had better same meaning something is necessary

  33. EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST (b) I have togo to soccer practice. (c) We’ve got togo home. (d) Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane. common informal conversation written instructions have to have got to must

  34. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (a) Sit down! (b) Sit down, please. (c) Site down and waite until the result is announced. COMMAND REQUEST DIRECTIONS give commands make polite requests give directions imperative sentences

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