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Ch. 28: Islamic Empires of the Early Modern Era

Ch. 28: Islamic Empires of the Early Modern Era . From 1300 to 1700, three “ gunpowder empires ” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia . The Safavid Empire. The Mughal Empire. The Ottoman Empire. These empires were unique, but shared some similarities: .

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Ch. 28: Islamic Empires of the Early Modern Era

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  1. Ch. 28: Islamic Empires of the Early Modern Era

  2. From 1300 to 1700, three “gunpowder empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia The Safavid Empire The Mughal Empire The Ottoman Empire

  3. These empires were unique, but shared some similarities: All 3 empires were able to conquer neighboring people because they formed strong armies using cannons & artillery All 3 empires were Islamic & ruled by Muslim leaders with well-organized gov’ts made up of loyal bureaucrats All 3 empires blended their culture with neighboring societies to create a high point of Islamic culture

  4. The Ottoman Empire

  5. The Ottomans: Empire Builders • Mongol invasions & fall of Abbasid Caliphate allowed Ottomans to build power base in Anatolia (Turkey) • Osman—early leader, dominated other Turkic groups • 1350s--Expansion into Europe! • Mehmed II –Conquered Constantinople in 1453, w/ siege warfare, cannons • Then further into Europe—Greece, Albania, Black & Caspian Seas • Invaded Italy & attempted to capture Pope, but failed Mehmed the Conqueror

  6. HagiaSophia after Ottoman Conquest

  7. Ottoman Empire: A Military State? • Ghazi--Muslim religious warriors; “sword of God” • Military leaders played prominent role in Ottoman gov’t. • “Warrior aristocracy”competed w/ religious leaders for control of bureaucracy • Janissaries--conscripted boys (Christians), military slaves • received special training, learned Turkish language, & converted to Islam • Janissaries pledged loyalty to sultan (became his private army)—led to decline in role of aristocrats • A “Gunpowder Empire”—soldiers were outfitted with primitive gunpowder weapons & cannons

  8. Ottoman Sultans & their Court • “Absolute” monarchs?? • Sultans dealt with many factions • Ex.: Janissaries vs. religious scholars • Sultans were military leaders & ran an org. bureaucracy • Suleyman the Magnificent • Height of imperialism (conquered Baghdad & Belgrade) • Put pressure on Habsburgs and European vessels in Mediterranean • However, sultans grew distant/secluded; focused on large harems more than political and economic issues Suleyman the Magnificent

  9. Battle of Lepanto(vs. Austrian Hapsburgs, 1571) • (

  10. Flowering of Ottoman Culture • Constantinople—bad scene immediately after 1453! • Mehmed began restoration; converted Hagia Sophia to mosque (AyaSofya); built new mosques, palaces, hospitals, gardens, etc. • Adapted Byz ideas—aqueducts, concrete domes, markets, walls • Suleymaniye mosque is considered a hallmark of Ottoman architecture • Topkapi Palace housed gov’t offices, residence for sultan and his harem, pleasure pavilion, etc.

  11. Suleiman Mosque Inside the Topkapi Palace (Harem’s den?)

  12. Flowering of Ottoman Culture • Cosmopolitan markets • Coffeehouses—place for men to gather, smoke, talk politics; key for social & cultural life in Constantinople, poets, scholars • Commerce regulated by Otto gov’t, inspectors, guilds controlled trade/quality/training • Linguistic heritage—Arabic used for law & religion, Turkish preferred for arts & bureaucracy • Artistic legacy—poetry, arabesque mosaics, ceramics, carpet, architecture

  13. Ottoman Decline • Ottoman Empire lasted 600 years; long-lived • REASONS for DECLINE: • Limits of expansion by late 17th C—no new conquests, started to lose landslost tax revenue • Corruption among gov’t. officials; local officials kept revenues & squeezed peasants for more rebellions! • Sultans became disconnected (focus on pleasure over governing) • viziers & Janissaries gained more power (were less loyal) • CULTURAL CONSERVATISM—ignorance of European advancements & resistance to printing press • Military technology fell by wayside (Ottomans continued to use large cannons when Europeans adapted light artillery) • The Empire was officially dismantled after World War I

  14. The Safavid Empire

  15. Unlike the Ottomans who were Sunni Muslims, the Safavids believed in Shi’a Islam & strictly converted the people they conquered The Safavid Empire The Safavids were Turks living in Persia who built a powerful gunpowder army & created an empire in modern-day Iran Safavid rulers were called shahs, using the Persian title for king

  16. the Safavid Empire: Shiite v. Sunni • Rose from Turkic nomads (post-Mongols & Tamerlane) • “Frontier warriors”—Shi’ites • Differences over views on caliph grew into doctrinal, ritual & legal differences conflict! • Safi al-Din—a Sufi mystic; led campaign to purify & reform Islam) among Turks in early 1300s • Isma’il—was proclaimed shah (emperor) by 1501; conquered most of Persia & waged war w/ Ottomans

  17. the Safavid Empire: Shiite Rule • Shah Isma’ilproclaimed TwelverShiism the offical religion of his realm • TwelverShi’ites believe there were 12 rightful imams after Muhammad (12thwas driven into hiding) • Believed he will return to lead them & spread the “true” religion • Qizilbash-followers who wore “red hats” w/ 12pleats to symbolize the 12 imams • Battle of Chaldiran, 1514 • battle w/Ottomans (Sunnis); driven by religious fervor • Safavids declined to use artillery, dismissing it as “unmanly” and unreliable (they also believed the Shah could make them invincible) • Safavid loss in the battle hindered growth of Shiite sect (Shiite rule became confined to Persia)

  18. the Safavid Empire: Shi’iteRule • Shah Abbas I • Encouraged trade (regionally & even w/ Europeans) • Moved capital to Isfahan (cultural center) • Promoted culture & the arts • Building projects: great mosques, universities, gardens, bath houses • Arts: miniatures, mosaics, carpets • Society & Gender roles • Patriarchy (based on Sharia law) • Women had legal disadvantages • Seclusion & veiling, imposed on all, but especially elites

  19. Safavid silk carpet Persian Miniature

  20. Shah Mosque Isfahan, 1611-1666

  21. Decline & fall of Safavids • Shah Abbas I paranoid: blinded or killed suitable successors • Practice of secluding princesweak leaders • Foreign threats--nomads, Ottomans, Mughals • March-Oct. 1722: Afghani attacks, Isfahan fell • Nadir Khan Afshar—winner of post-fall struggles for control; self-proclaimed shah in 1736; short-lived • Region became battleground for stronger neighbors

  22. The Mughal Empire

  23. Mughals in India • Babur • Expulsion from steppes = motivation for conquest • Turkic background • Used mobile artillery & cavalry to defeat larger Lodi force; scared the elephants! • outnumbered, defeated Hindu kings • Character: military strategist, fighter, patron of arts & music, writer, musician, designer of gardens • Capital at Delhi Babur’s victory at Panipat, 1526

  24. Mughals in India • Akbar • height of Mughal rule • Had a vision for unity in empire • Social reforms: reconciliation w/Hindu princes, ended jizya, Hindus in bureaucracy, allowed widows to remarry, discouraged child marriages, made sati illegal, relief from purdah (seclusion) • Tolerance & universal religion: “Divine Faith” • Hindu warrior aristocrats controlled peasant villages; local controls left to support centralized gov’t • Economy: collected income via tribute, taxes

  25. Mughal Architecture • Red Fort, Taj Mahal (built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife) • Blends Persian & Hindu traditions (domes, arches, minarets w/ornamentation) • Symmetry, color, creativitycreate paradise on earth Taj Mahal Agra, India 1631-47

  26. Decline of Mughal India • Peace & stability weakened by religious tensions between Muslims, Hindus, Sufis, and Sikhs • Sikhism: new sect in NW India, tried to bridge diff bet Hinduism & Islam, but persecution of Sikhs led to a rise in anti-Muslim feelings • From Shah Jahan’s reign on, rulers began to ignore admin., milit., & social needs for reform • Econ production & standard of living declined • Rulers conquered new lands, but spent lots of money & did not grow bureaucracy to govern them • Peasant uprisings, revolts of local Hindu princes • Local officials taking revenues from central gov’t • Invaders • Open to foreign influence—England waiting for economic opportunity & colonization

  27. Siege attack on Rajput forces Akbar riding an elephant

  28. Madonna and Child Turkey commissioned by Jahangir

  29. Shah Jahan’s elephant Indian Bird

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