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Living Systems Model

Living Systems Model. Overview Why a new ID Model? Living Systems Model Phases Examples. Living Systems Model. Why a new ID Model?. Requirements of Web-based Systems Develop web-specific instruction Dynamic, changing content Open-ended system (external link)

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Living Systems Model

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  1. Living Systems Model • Overview • Why a new ID Model? • Living Systems Model Phases • Examples

  2. Living Systems Model Why a new ID Model? • Requirements of Web-based Systems • Develop web-specific instruction • Dynamic, changing content • Open-ended system (external link) • Web-specific development processes • Web-specific project teams

  3. Living Systems Model Why a new ID Model? • Traditional ID Models • Often delivery medium-independent • Focus on concept of “final product” • No formal mechanism in place for dynamic changes in requirements and needs of users

  4. Living Systems Model Why a new ID Model? • Knowledge Management Systems • Scenario: To solve a work-related problem, user retrieves cases, constructs solution, adds new case to KM system • Result: Dynamically changing system, responding to user’s needs • Problem: Formal process to respond to the changes in the system: new services, features, etc.

  5. Living Systems Model Why a new ID Model? • Living System Approach • Changes in the system are assumed • Formal mechanisms in place to accommodate change and growth • System is viewed as ‘living system,’ not as final product • Digital nervous system features

  6. Living Systems Model Living System Approach Plass & Salisbury (2002)

  7. Living Systems Model Living Systems Model • Goal • Address specifics of web-based instructional systems in general • Accommodate change and growth of KM systems in particular

  8. Living Systems Model Living System Approach D esi g n I n st r uc t io n al I n fo r m a ti o n A r c hi t ect u re D eve l op A n a ly z e I n st r uc t io n al D eve l op m e n tal n E n d - U se r I n te r acti o n E val u ati o n R e q ui r em e nt s D esi g n D eve l op I m ple m e n t I n st r uc t io n al S yst e m D e s ig n I n fo r m a ti o n D esi g n Plass & Salisbury (2002)

  9. Living Systems Model Scenario Analysis • Problem Identification, Background • Needs Assessment • Target Audience, Learner Characteristics • Minimum Configuration of Delivery System • Goal • Objectives

  10. Living Systems Model Scenario Method • Interviews • Observations • Performance Analysis/Grades • Document Review • Subject-Matter Expert Consultations

  11. Living Systems Model Living System Approach D esi g n I n st r uc t io n al I n fo r m a ti o n A r c hi t ect u re D eve l op A n a ly z e I n st r uc t io n al D eve l op m e n tal E n d - U se r I n te r acti o n E val u ati o n R e q ui r em e nt s D esi g n D eve l op I m ple m e n t I n st r uc t io n al S yst e m D e s ig n I n fo r m a ti o n D esi g n Plass & Salisbury (2002)

  12. Living Systems Model Information Architecture • Definition • Defines the content and features to fulfill objectives of a web site and how they are structured • Purpose • Conceptual Design of Web Site, high-level Architecture

  13. Living Systems Model Information Architecture • Components • Conceptual Design: Features • Content: Organization of Information • Navigation/Orientation Systems

  14. Living Systems Model Instructional Information Architecture • Design Process for Information Architecture • Map Objectives -> Features • Map Features -> Content • Structure Features (Hierarchy, Hypertext, database) • Organize Content (Alphabetical, Chronological, ...) • Design Navigational System based on Structure • Based on the cognitive processes of the learners

  15. Living Systems Model Scenario Information Architecture

  16. Living Systems Model Scenario Design Issues

  17. Living Systems Model Scenario Navigational System Purpose • Identify current location • Identify path to desired location/feature Instructional Function • Reduce cognitive overhead of navigation • Make associative connections apparent

  18. Living Systems Model Scenario Navigation System Elements • Navigation bars • Frames • Pull-down menus • Table of Content • Index • Site Map • Guided Tour

  19. Living Systems Model 501 Overview OLIT 501 ISD Online Course

  20. Living Systems Model OLIT 501 ISD Online Course 501 Class

  21. Living Systems Model 501 Library OLIT 501 ISD Online Course

  22. Living Systems Model Living System Approach D esi g n I n st r uc t io n al I n fo r m a ti o n A r c hi t ect u re D eve l op A n a ly z e I n st r uc t io n al D eve l op m e n tal E n d - U se r I n te r acti o n E val u ati o n R e q ui r em e nt s D esi g n D eve l op I m ple m e n t I n st r uc t io n al S yst e m D e s ig n I n fo r m a ti o n D esi g n Plass & Salisbury (2002)

  23. Living Systems Model Interaction Design • Definition • Specifies the interactions between users and each feature of the application, including –Type and format of input –Logic of processing –Type and format of output • Purpose • Specify the detailed functioning of each feature of the system

  24. Living Systems Model Interaction Design • Steps • Refine Specification of Functionality • Define Sub-Functions • Define Instructional Strategies • Method • Storyboards • Draft Pages in HTML

  25. Living Systems Model Interaction Design Interaction Model (Foley & van Dam) Conceptual Level-User’s mental model Semantic Level-Meanings conveyed by user input & computer output Syntactic Level-Definition of communication language for computer Lexical Level-Device dependencies and precise mechanisms for interactions

  26. Living Systems Model Interaction Design

  27. Living Systems Model Interaction Design

  28. Living Systems Model 501 Communication OLIT 501 ISD Online Course

  29. Living Systems Model Interface Design Approach • Definition Human-Computer Interface • Interface not merely in charge of communication with the user, but is an • Expression of the deliberate decisions by the instructional designer to include features in the conceptual model of the application that support different cognitive processes of learning

  30. Living Systems Model Instructional Strategies • Definition • Overall plan governing instructional content and process consisting of a set of decisions that result in a plan, method, or series of activities aimed at obtaining a specific goal • Purpose • Organize instruction to support learner's cognitive processes of attention, encoding, and retrieval of information

  31. Living Systems Model Instructional Strategies • Organizational Strategy • Content, Sequencing of instruction • Form of presentation • Delivery Strategy • Instruction medium used • Grouping of learners • Management Strategy • Scheduling and allocation of resources • (Reigeluth, 1983)

  32. Living Systems Model Instructional Events • Gagné & Briggs • Gaining attention • Informing learners of objective • Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning • Presenting instruction • Providing learning guidance • Eliciting performance • Providing feedback • Assessing performance • Enhancing retention and transfer

  33. Living Systems Model Scenario Instructional Strategies • Taxonomy Social Setting Immersion Presentation Modes of Information Open Collaboration Multimedia Closed Collaboration Text Individual Learning Mode View Information Acquire Knowledge Construct Meaning

  34. Living Systems Model Interaction Design • General Considerations/Issues • Task Analysis Results as Basis for ID • Cognitive TA Results as Basis for ID • Standards/Conventions for field • Standards/Conventions for WWW • Use of Metaphors

  35. Living Systems Model Interaction Design • Instructional Considerations/Issues • Philosophy of Instruction: Behaviorist/Cognitivist/ Constructivist Approach • Level of Learner Control, Choice • Cognitive Load (Overhead) Imposed by Interaction

  36. Living Systems Model Scenario Interaction Design Evaluation • Application of Pattern Language • Articulates and communicates the design of the entire system in a coherent, formal way (Alexander, Ishikawa & Silverstein, 1977; Tidwell, 1999) • Units of language: design rules, or patterns, that capture the solutions to specific issues or problems in the design process in a particular context, and are therefore neither too abstract nor too specific

  37. Living Systems Model Living System Approach D esi g n I n st r uc t io n al I n fo r m a ti o n A r c hi t ect u re D eve l op A n a ly z e I n st r uc t io n al D eve l op m e n tal E n d - U se r I n te r acti o n E val u ati o n R e q ui r em e nt s D esi g n D eve l op I m ple m e n t I n st r uc t io n al S yst e m D e s ig n I n fo r m a ti o n D esi g n Plass & Salisbury (2002)

  38. Living Systems Model To see is to forget the name of the thing one sees. Paul Valéry

  39. Living Systems Model Information Design • Definition • Specifies the appearance of the interface and the information contained in the system, such as –Presentation mode of information –Color Scheme for interface –Type faces and their forms (attributes) • Purpose • Specify the appearance of each feature of the system

  40. Living Systems Model Information Design • Steps • Design visual interface for all features • Design navigational elements • Design instructional materials • Method • Design text, graphics, video, sound for a prototype application/page

  41. Living Systems Model Interaction Design

  42. Living Systems Model Interaction Design

  43. Living Systems Model Information Design • Wayfinding for Navigation • Methods to allow users to orient themselves • Purpose • Assess where you are • Assess where you want to be • Assess how to get there

  44. Living Systems Model Multimedia Learning • Multimedia Effect • Contiguity Effect • Split-Attention (Modality) Effect • Coherence Effect • Redundancy Effect • Individual Differences Effect • (Mayer, 1997, 2001)

  45. Living Systems Model Information Design • Evaluation • Review design of instructional strategies and how they support learner’s cognitive processes (function of multimedia elements) • Review if the required conditions for the application of a particular design principle were met and if this design principle or theory was applied in an appropriate way(Dual Coding Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, Generative Theory of Multimedia Learning)

  46. Living Systems Model Prior Knowledge Generative Theory of MM Learning Mayer (1997) Integrate Visual Model (Coherent Visual Mental Representation) Verbal Model (Coherent Verbal Mental Representation) Referential Connections Organize Images Organize Words Image Base (Visual representation) Text Base (Verbal representation) SelectImages Select Words Visual Information Verbal Information

  47. Living Systems Model Living System Approach D esi g n I n st r uc t io n al I n fo r m a ti o n A r c hi t ect u re D eve l op A n a ly z e I n st r uc t io n al D eve l op m e n tal E n d - U se r I n te r acti o n E val u ati o n R e q ui r em e nt s D esi g n D eve l op I m ple m e n t I n st r uc t io n al S yst e m D e s ig n I n fo r m a ti o n D esi g n Plass & Salisbury (2002)

  48. Living Systems Model Implement System • Steps • Implement and Evaluate Prototype • Produce media elements (graphics, video, etc.) • Design and develop data base back end (tables) • Evaluation • Usability (actual) • User Acceptance (perceived) • Effectiveness (actual learning outcomes)

  49. Living Systems Model Developmental Evaluation • Evaluate • Each phase of the design process • Usability of the system • Learning outcome • Using living system capabilities

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