Development of Civilization

1. Development of Civilization

2. Flow chart on the Path to Civilization Nomads - Hunter-Gatherer - Domestication (plants and animals ) - Neolithic Revolution (farming) -

3. Flow chart on the Path to Civilization Nomads - Humans moved from place to place in search of food. Hunter-Gatherer - Humans hunted and gathered wild plants and other food. Domestication (plants and animals ) - the selective growing or breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful. Neolithic Revolution (farming) - Gave birth to civilization.

4. The Beginning of Agriculture The development of agriculture was a major turning point in human history and significantly changed the way in which many people lived. • Essential Questions: • What new tools and technologies did early humans develop during the New Stone Age? • How did early agriculture develop and spread? • In what ways did the development of agriculture change Stone Age society?

5. Neolithic Tools • Polished stones to make points • More specialized tools: • chisels • drills • saws Paleolithic Tools • Stones chipped to make points • Wood and bone tools • Nets from plant fibers and animal sinew The New Stone Age As prehistoric people developed more sophisticated tools, the Paleolithic Era gave way to the Neolithic Era.

6. Plants Animals Growth of Agriculture • New plants • New food source • People learned to farm • Domestication • Larger food supply • Domesticating animals • Careful selection and breeding • Larger and more stable supply of meat, milk, skins, wool • Available plants, domesticated animals • Spread to regions: • Asia: rice • Africa: cattle • Mexico: corn • South America: potatoes Development of Agriculture The development of agriculture, about 10,000 years ago, radically changed how people lived. This shift to farming is referred to as the Neolithic Revolution.

7. How did people benefit from farming and the domestication of plants and animals? Answer:

8. How did people benefit from farming and the domestication of plants and animals? Answer:more reliable food supply; people could pool labor and resources

9. Early Farming Societies New Technologies • Small settlements • Villages and towns • Increase in trade • Societies became more complex • Social status, authority • Religion • Warfare, disease increased • New tools and methods • Animals working in fields • Grindstones, pestles, pottery • Wool from sheep for yarn • Spinning and weaving • Copper, bronze, tin Agriculture Changes Society • Agriculture dramatically changed Stone Age societies by providing a larger and more reliable food supply. • Some people began to live as nomadic pastoralists. • Others gave up the nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements, pooling their resources. • As people began to make items from bronze, the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age, which began as early as 3000 BC in some areas.

10. Foundations of Civilization From farming villages arose cities, and with them, the first civilizations, marking the beginnings of recorded history. • Essential Questions: • Why did some early villages develop into cities? • What characterized the world’s first civilizations, and where did they develop? • What factors cause civilizations to change over time?

11. Advances in Farming Changing Economies • New methods to increase production: irrigation systems • Networks of canals, ditches • Link fields to water supply • Farm more land in drier conditions • Plant more crops and produce more food • Surplus, or excess of food • Fewer people needed to farm • Began to specialize in other jobs • Division of labor • Traditional economy • Economic decisions based on custom, ritual • Began to change with development of irrigation • Trade increases From Villages to Cities Advances in farming and changing economies caused villages to grow in size and complexity, and the first cities began to appear.

12. Characteristics of Cities • Generally larger than villages • First known city was Uruk, in what is now Iraq • Home to 40,000–50,000 people • Covered more than 1,000 acres • Populations more diverse than in villages • Early villages consisted of extended families • Early cities included many unrelated people • More formal organization than in villages • Had defined centers, with temples and marketplaces • Had defined boundaries separating the cities from surrounding villages • Served as centers of trade for surrounding villages

13. How did early cities differ from early farming villages? Answer:

14. How did early cities differ from early farming villages? Answer:Cities were larger, more diverse, more dense, and served as trade centers.

15. The First Civilizations • The development of cities gave rise to the first civilizations. • A civilization is a complex and organized society. • Although early civilizations differed, they had several characteristics in common. • Characteristics of Early Civilizations • Developed cities • Organized government • Formalized religion 1 2 • Specialization of labor: farmers, engineers, soldiers, artisans • Social classes • Record keeping and writing • Art and architecture The first civilizations grew up independently along fertile river valleys where enough food could be produced to support a growing population. 3 4