Long term memory & Memory errors

1. Long term memory& Memory errors Part I พญ. กาญจนา พิทักษ์วัฒนานนท์ แพทย์เฉพาะทางอายุรกรรมระบบประสาทสมอง พ.บ.จากโรงพยาบาลรามาธิบดี ว.บ.จากสถาบันประสาทวิทยา แพทย์ประจำโรงพยาบาลวิภาวดี แพทย์ประจำโรงพยาบาลสมิติเวช ศรีราชา

2. Jimmy G. • Transfer note : • Helpless • Demented • Confused • Disoriented

3. Jimmy G. Topic talking • Events of his childhood • Experiences in school • Experiences in Navy Demented • Loss >10 years new memory • Cannot remember himself in mirror

4. Jimmy G. • I do find myself forgetting things, once in a while things that just happened. • The past is clear, though.

5. Korsakoff ’s syndrome Jimmy G. • Chronic alcoholism, vitamin B1 deficiency • Destroyed frontal & temporal lobes • Caused severe impaired memory Cannot form new LTM • Cannot recognize people he has just met • Cannot find his way to the corner drugstore

6. Fig. 6-1, p. 178

7. Memory loss in the movies Memento : Lenny (Guy Pearce) cannot form new memories  recorded with a Polaroid camera / Tattooed onto his body • Spellbound : Gregory Peck • First Dates : Drew Barrymore ( LTM problem ) & Adam Sandler • Anastasia • Dead again • Goundhog Day • Long Kiss Goodnight • Who am I ? • The Bourne Identity • Paycheck • Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

8. Long term memory • An “archive” of information about past events in our lives and knowledge we have learned. • Have large time span

9. Memory • A student who has just taking a seat in class • Be remembering about events that occurred at various times in the past.

10. Large time span of LTM Fig. 6-3, p. 180

11. Memory • His short term memory / working memory • He just sat down • Within 30 seconds • His long term memory (recent memory) • After 5 minutes ago • He had been walking to class • His long term memory (remote memory) • A memory from 10 years earlier of the elementary school he had attended in the 3rd grade

12. Introduction LTM Large time span of LTM : not all the same Fig 6.3 • STM/WM : He just sat down in classroom • LTM : remember a memory from 10 years ago • Recent memory : more details • Remote memory : retain some information , lose other information

13. Memory • LTM works closely with working memory to help create our ongoing experience. • What happens when Tony’s friend Cindy says, “Jim and I saw the new James Bond movie last night” • Tony’s working memory (STM) • Tony’s long term memory

14. Tony’s working memory • Holding the exact wording of that statement in his mind • Retrieving from LTM, the meaning of each words that make up the sentence • Accessing information from LTM, which help him understand the sentence what Cindy is saying

15. Tony’s long term memory • The meaning of each words that make up the sentence • Additional information about movies, James Bond, and Cindy • Tony might not consciously think about all of this information

16. How to understanding Cindy saying

17. Chapter summery 1 LTM is an “archive” of information about past experiences in our lives and knowledge we have learned. LTM coordinates with working memory to help create our ongoing experience.

18. Distinctions between LTM & STM B.B. Murdoch, Jr. : experiment • Serial position • Get someone to read the stimulus list to you at a rate of about 1 word every 2 seconds. • Stimulus list : barricade, children, diet, gourd, folio, meter, journey, mohair, phoenix, crossbow, doorbell, muffler, mouse, menu, airplane • Right after the last word, write down all of the words you can remember • Did you remember more words from the 1st or 3rd five than from 2nd five ?

19. Serial position Murdoch : a large number of participants • Plotted the percentage recall for each word versus the word’s position on the list Murdoch’s Serial-position curve • Results : memory is better for words at the beginning of the list and at the end of the list.

20. memory is better for words at the beginning of the list and at the end of the list Fig. 6-5, p. 182

21. Primacy effects is due to LTM Murray Glanzer and Anita Cunitz 1966 • Rehearsal of the early words might lead to better memory by presenting the list at a slower pace • Increasing the time between each word  increased memory for the early words • There was more time between each word • Participants had more time to rehearse

22. Primacy effects is due to LTM

23. Recency effect is due to STM Glanzer and Cunitz 1966 • The better memory for words at the end of the list is that the most recently presented words are still in STM • Participants count backward for 30 seconds right after hearing the last word of a list. • Counting prevented rehearsal and allowed time for information to be lost from STM • The delayed caused by the counting eliminated the recency effect

24. Recency effect is due to STM

25. Serial position Primacy effect : superior memory for stimuli presented at the beginning of a sequence  rehearsal & attention Recency effect : superior memory for stimuli presented at the end of a sequence  still in STM

26. Table 6-1, p. 184

27. Chapter summery 2 The primacy and recency effects that occur in the serial position curve have been linked to LTM and STM, respectively.

28. Clive Wearing • Viral encephalitis • Functioning STM • Unable to form new LTM

29. H.M. Functioning STM • Temporal lobe epilepsy (medical failure) • Surgeons removed his hippocampus • Eliminated seizure • Eliminated his ability to form new LTM

30. K.F. Poor STM • Digit span = 2 • Reduced recency effect in her serial position curve Functioning LTM • Ability to form and hold new memories of events in her life

31. STM / WM & LTM are two separate process Neuropsychological evidence : • Clive : viral encephalitis • H.M. : temporal lobectomy • K.F. : digit span = 2

32. Coding in LTM • The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind • Visual coding : recognize someone based on his appearance • Auditory coding : recognize someone based on his voice/sound • Semantic coding : remember the general gist/meaning of something that happened in the past

33. STM / WM & LTM are two separate process Coding in LTM : • Semantic coding is the predominant type of coding in LTM • Jacqueline Sachs 1967 demonstration • Participants listen to a tape recording of a passage like the one in the following demonstration : Reading a passage

34. Reading a passage 1 Read the following passage : There is an interesting story about the telescope. In Holland, a man named Lippershey was an eyeglass maker. One day his children were playing with some lenses. They discovered that things seemed very close if two lenses were held about a foot apart. Lippershey began experimenting and his “Spyglass” attracted much attention. He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the great Italian scientist. Galileo at once realized the importance of the discovery and set about to build an instrument of his own.

35. Reading a passage 2 Now cover up the passage and indicate which of the following sentences is identical to a sentence in the passage and which sentences are changed. • He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the great Italian scientist. • Galileo, the great Italian scientist, sent him a letter about it. • A letter about it was sent to Galileo, the great Italian scientist. • He sent Galileo, the great Italian scientist, a letter about it.

36. Reading a passage 3 Which sentence did you pick for identical ? • Many choose 1, 3, 4 ( no one choose 2 ) • Correct answer : 1 1 = identical 2 = changed , different meaning 3 = not identical , same meaning 4 = not identical , same meaning

37. Chapter summery 3 The following evidence supports the idea that STM and LTM are two separate processes : 1) double dissociation between STM and LTM in patients with brain damage 2) differences in the primary mode of coding, with LTM more likelyto be coded semantically than STM.

38. Type of LTM Declarative memory : our conscious recollection of events we have experienced or facts we have learned. Implicit memory ( non-declarative ): memory that occurs when some previous experience improves our performance on a task, even though we do not consciously remember the experience.

39. Type of LTM Fig. 6-7, p. 187

40. Declarative memory Two types ( information / experience ) : • episodic memory : memory for personal events in our lives. • semantic memory: memory that involves fact and knowledge, • such as knowledge about how an automobile engine works or the names of famous modern painters.

41. Chapter summery 4 Declarative memory is our conscious recollection of events we have experienced or facts we have learned. • There are two types of declarative memory • Episodic memory is memory for personal events in our live • Semantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge

42. Episodic memory • Memory for events • Involve mental time travel Tulving’s “self-knowing” or “remembering” • I can travel back in my mind to 1966 to remember cresting the top of a mountain near the California coast for the first time and seeing the Pacific Ocean far below, stretching into the distance. I remember sitting in the car, seeing the ocean, saying “Wow!” to my wife who was sitting next to me, and some of emotions I was experiencing.

43. Semantic memory • Memory for knowledge ( facts, vocabulary, numbers, concepts ) • Without mental time travel, no experience Tulving’s “knowing” • I know many facts about the Pacific Ocean – where it is located, that it is big, that if you travel west from San Francisco you end up in Japan

44. Declarative memory Episodic and semantic memories Table 6-3, p. 188

45. Chapter summery 5 • According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel ( self-knowing or remembering ). • The experience of semantic memory ( knowing ) does not involve mental time travel.

46. The separation of episodic and semantic memories K.C. • 30 years old man • Motorcycle accident • Damage : Hippocampus and surrounding structures Lost episodic memory • He can no longer relive any of the events of his past. • He can remember that certain things happened

47. The separation of episodic and semantic memories K.C. • Lost episodic memory • He knows that his brother died ( 2 years ago ) • He is not, however, aware of experiencing things such as hearing about the circumstances of his brother’s death, where he was when he heard about it, or what happened at the funeral. • Intact semantic memory • He also remember facts like where the eating utensils are located in the kitchen and the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling.

48. The separation of episodic and semantic memories Italian woman • At the age of 44 • Brain damage by encephalitis • Headache and fever followed by hallucinations Lost semantic memory • She had difficulty recognizingfamiliar people, famous people • She could not recall facts • She had trouble shopping because she couldn’t remember the meaning of words on the shopping listor where things were in the store

49. The separation of episodic and semantic memories Table 6-4, p. 189

50. The separation of episodic and semantic memories • Neuropsychological evidence Double dissociations : • K.C. : MCA poor episodic memory • Italian woman : encephalitis poor semantic memory • Brain imaging evidence • Brian Levine and coworkers 2004