1. The Control of Traits

2. Traits are controlled by _Proteins_2 Types: • Structural = Build the body (skin, hair, muscle, blood) • Enzymes = speed up, slow down, start, or stop cellular/chemical reactions (usually end in –ase)

3. How do we get to the “who” we are? DNA → Proteins → Traits Controls the _expression_of Controls the _production_ of

4. Traits vs Variations • Trait – a specific characteristic like eye color, or height that varies from one individual to another. • Variation – the _version_ that an organism can inherit ofa trait.

5. _Variation_ Of a Trait Differences Within a _Protein_ → Results In

6. Trait = Eye color • Variation

7. Trait = Hair Color • Variation

8. Trait = Skin Color • Variation

9. PROTEINS • Proteins are made up of repeating units (MONOMERS) called amino acids. All amino acids have a similar basic structure.

10. Amino Acids = Protein building blocks • There are only _20_ different amino acids. • A protein may contain anywhere from 50 to 5,000 amino acids.

11. Some Amino Acids

12. Some More Amino Acids

13. Still More Amino Acids

14. Essential Amino Acids Glucose can be changed back into some amino acids IF certain nitrogen-containing molecules are available. HOWEVER, there are 8 necessary aa that cannot be synthesized in human cells so they have to be ingested in your diet. B/C of this they are called essential amino acids: IsoleucineLeucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

15. What determines the protein synthesized ? • A different _number_ and/or _sequence_ of amino acids results in a different protein.

16. Basic Amino Acid Structure 3 parts to an amino acid: • Amine Group = -NH2 • Carboxyl Group = -COOH • R Group = this is the functional group; the part that determines which amino acid you have.

17. How do amino acids become proteins? • Amino Acids are linked together by _peptide_ bonds. What determines which protein will be made in the end?

18. Formation of a Dipeptide Dehydration synthesis

19. Amino Acid + Amino Acid --> Dipeptide Amino Acid + Dipeptide --> Tripeptide A.A. + A.A. + …..+ Tripeptide --> Polypeptide/Protein

20. WHAT VARIATION of TRAITS DO YOU HAVE?

21. EYE COLOR http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

22. HAIR COLOR/TEXTURE http://faculty.washington.edu/~chudler/gif/hairch.gif

23. FEMALE OR MALE? http://www.angelbabygifts.com/

24. WIDOW’S PEAKDominant http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/geneticsfeb02.html

25. TONGUE ROLLING Homozygous recessives- non rollers http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/tongroll.html

26. FRECKLES http://chantelsimmons.blogspot.com/2007/07/tuesday-tuck-shop.html http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Freckled.jpg

27. DIMPLES/CLEFT CHINDominant Images from: http://www.uni.edu/walsh/cleft.jpg http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1270258944/nm0000237 https://kyberia.sk/id/3591050/3 http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Kirk-douglas-big-trees02.jpg

28. Bend finger at top joint? http://toadandmo.blogspot.com/2007/08/mos-hidden-talent.html

29. HITCHHIKER’S THUMB=homozygous recessive Images from: http://www.ncrtec.org/tl/camp/gene/thumbs.htm

30. LONG 2nd TOEDominant http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html

31. ATTACHED EAR LOBEShomozygous recessive = attached http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/genetics_puzzle.html

32. Touch your nose with your tongue? Images from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/252/526385891_643b1b1420.jpg?v=0 http://picasaweb.google.com/angelinachristalpina/ChristmasClothes02#5146686361494213122

33. COLOR BLINDNESS RED-green colorblindness most common8% of males & 0.5% females http://www.planetperplex.com/img/colorblind.jpg

34. Review • What controls the production of proteins? • What determines which protein is made? • What controls the expression of traits?