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CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW !!!

This review of Chapter 27, Lesson 1, and Lesson 2 provides an overview of the four fundamental causes of WWI, the Western Front and Eastern Front warfare, reasons for US entry into the war, the withdrawal of Russia, and how the US's involvement led to the defeat of the Central Powers.

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CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW !!!

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  1. Chapter 27 Lesson 1 Review CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW!!!

  2. What are the four fundamental causes for WWI? Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

  3. Chapter 27 Lesson 2 Notes

  4. WESTERN FRONT WARFARE • Trench fighting of 700-miles of unbroken parallel line of ditches stretching from Switzerland to the North Sea with French / British troops versus German troops trenches separated only by a desolate area called “NoMan’sLand” • Caused by industrialized weapons, resulting with a (whereby no one side gain an advantage over the other) stalemate, leading to a warofattrition (each side wears down its enemy’s resources)

  5. EXAMPLES: • The Battle of the Marne (France, 1915): The SchlieffenPlan is abandoned as Germany now faces a 2-front war • The Battle of Verdun (France, 1916): Germany gains only 4 miles in 6 months with total casualties of 500,000 • The Battle of the Somme (France, 1916): Allied (warring nations) belligerentsgain 5 miles, losing one million soldiers

  6. WWI gas masks British German Italian French

  7. EASTERN FRONT WARFARE • a war of mobilization, but stalemate common 2. The Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia, 1914): Allied Power, Russia, is crushed and never fully recovers from this defeat; but continues to force a two-front war on Germany by continuing to contribute soldiers to the Allied cause in the east, despite its defeat at Tannenberg)

  8. 3. The GallipoliCampaign [a campaign is any series of battles related to the same objective] (1914): The Allies fail to capture the BosporusStrait and the Strait of the Dardanelles, both of which were controlled by the OttomanTurks; Allied Power, Russia, is now cut off from Allied support and supplies, but continues to fight despite its almost hopeless situation Gallipoli Peninsula Ottoman Empire

  9. THE ITALIAN FRONT: Little effort made by the Italians except to divert Germanyfrom the EasternFront

  10. REASONS WHY THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD WAR I ON APRIL 8, 1917: 1. from a policy of (remaining uninvolved in world affairs) isolationism to a policy of belligerency 2. British (a one-sided view to encourage support) propagandaagainst Germany becomes increasingly persuasive in the U.S.

  11. 3. The ZimmermannTelegram: this dispatch was sent from Germany to the German ambassador serving in Mexico; the message suggested that Mexico should declare war on the United States and reclaim Arizona, Texas, and NewMexico; the telegram is intercepted by Britishintelligence; telegram given to the U.S. government; the U.S. gov’t releases telegram to the press to anger Americans

  12. Germany uses unrestrictedsubmarinewarfare on four U.S. “neutral” merchantships suspected by the Germans of carrying contraband (illegal war materials) 5. the 1915 sinking of the British passenger liner, the Lusitania, by Germany with almost 200 Americans on board

  13. 6. President Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany and the rest of the Central Powers “to make the world safe for democracy” and as a “war to end (all) wars”

  14. REASONS WHY RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WORLD WAR I (MARCH, 1917): • defeat in 1914 at the Battle of Tannenberg • failure of the Allied offensive in the GallipoliCampaign

  15. Nicholas II is held responsible for the 1905 • event calledBloodySunday whereby 100s • of peaceful protesters were gunned down • by Russian soldiers at the Winter Palace in • St.Petersburg causing a loss of faith in the • czar • war-time food shortages • with severe food rationing • disastrous losses on the • battlefield • Czar Nicholas II abdicates • the Russian throne in March, • 1917, ending a 300-year rule • by the Romanov Dynasty

  16. Czarist rule is followed by a provisional (temporary) government led by Alexander Kerensky, a Menshevik, (a moderate socialist) in the Russian legislature, called the Duma

  17. the radical socialists called the • Bolsheviks, or Communists, come to • power in Russia when Germany secretly • transports exiled Russian • leader, • Lenin, back into the country; • c. Lenin overthrows Kerensky • with a • coupd’etat, promising • “Land, Peace, and Bread,” • the motto of the • Bolshevik (Communist) • Revolution (Nov., 1917)

  18. d. Lenin secretly withdraws Russia from WW I by signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany; Allied Powers angry e. Russia becomes embroiled in a 3-year civil war between the Red Army (communists) and the White Army (Allied troops); the Red Communists’ Army wins the civil war

  19. f. the Romanov family is assassinated by the Communists g. Lenin and the Communist Party take totalitarian control of Russia

  20. ENTRY OF THE U.S. IN 1917 LEADS TO DEFEAT OF THE CENTRAL POWERS • by 1918 fresh American troops increase Allied morale with human and industrial resources 2. use of American convoys (warships surrounding merchant ships); mines; under-water explosives; airplanes

  21. [Central Powers] • Bulgaria and the OttomanEmpire are the first and second respectively to sue for peace • the (Austria-Hungary) DualMonarchy falls to revolution, ending the rule of the Hapsburg Dynasty

  22. Germany’s Wilhelm II (Kaiser Bill) surrenders, ending the rule of the Hohenzollern dynasty and the end of the 2ndReich; the newly established German WeimarRepublic signs an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting) at the 11th hour (AM) in the 11th month, on the 11th day, 1918.

  23. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE FOLLOWS IN JAN., 1919

  24. Chapter 27 Lesson 3 Notes: The Paris Peace Conference – Jan., 1919

  25. THE “BIGFOUR” VICTORIOUS ALLIED POWERS: • Prime Minister Lloyd George representing Britain • Premier Clemenceau representing France

  26. Premier Orlando representing Italy (but angrily leaves early because Italy does not receive the promised land from defeated Austria as Italy had been secretly promised by the Allies at the beginning of the war); • President Woodrow Wilson representing the U. S. (Orlando’s absence leaves the “BigThree” to work out the details of the peace conference with their subsequent peace treaties)

  27. WILSON’S DESIRE FOR A “PEACEOFJUSTICE” IS EMBODIED IN HIS 14POINTS: • no secret treaties • freedom of trade and freedom of the seas • armament reduction for all countries • self-determination: people have right to rulethemselves • 14thPOINT: to establish an international organization called the LeagueofNations, made up of large and small states, to negotiate conflict rather than go to war

  28. DEFEATED GERMANY’S TREATYOFVERSAILLES SIGNED BY THE NEWLY FORMED WEIMARREPUBLIC OF GERMANY: • “peace of vengeance” forced upon Germany rather than using President Wilson’s suggestion for a “peace of justice” or a “peace without victory” toward defeated Germany • Germany is forced to accept the “warguilt” clause, having to take full responsibility for the war and its aftermath

  29. Germany is forced to accept the “blankcheck” clause; reparations (amounts of money to be paid for damages caused) are determined later to be $30+ billion • Germany must relinquish (turn over) the iron & coal-rich territories called Alsace / Lorraine to France

  30. Germany must relinquish the PolishCorridor along the Baltic Sea to Poland; the purpose for this strategy is to not only give land-lockedPoland access to a port called Danzig for trade, but as important, to divide the German population to prevent its future German unity • Germany is forbidden to produce any additional war materials

  31. Germany is forbidden to • station troops in the • Rhineland, a strip of • German land next door to • France • Germany is forced to • relinquish the • Sudetenland(a moun- • tainous region of 3 • million Germans) to • Czechoslovakia, the only • democracy in E. Europe, • and again, the purpose • is to separate the • German population

  32. An Anschluss (union) is forbidden between Germany and Austria

  33. EX-ALLIED POWER, RUSSIA, IS PUNISHED MOST SEVERELY: • Because Communismbecomes the most feared political system, the Allies provide a buffer zone between Russia and the rest of Europe by taking Russian lands along the Baltic Sea so that…

  34. former Allied Power, Russia, loses more land than any other belligerent in WW I: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania become independent Baltic states • Russia also loses Poland • Russia, too, loses more soldiers, its most valuable resource, than any other belligerent as a result of WWI

  35. UNITED STATES’ INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD AFFAIRS AFTER WW I: • returns to a policy of isolationism • refuses to join the LeagueofNations • signs 5separate peace treaties with each of the defeated Central Powers

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