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ISO TC 37 Standards Basic Principles of Terminology

ISO TC 37 Standards Basic Principles of Terminology. Networked Knowledge Organization Systems/Services NKOS. Sue Ellen Wright Institute for Applied Linguistics, Kent State University. Standards for the Language Industry.

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ISO TC 37 Standards Basic Principles of Terminology

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  1. ISO TC 37 StandardsBasic Principles of Terminology Networked Knowledge Organization Systems/Services NKOS Sue Ellen Wright Institute for Applied Linguistics, Kent State University

  2. Standards for the Language Industry • Translation & localization, multilingual text representation, Internet content, multilingual content management • See: http://appling.kent.edu/ResourcePages/LTStandards/Chart/LanguageTechnologyStandards.htm

  3. ISO TC 37 Terminology and other Language Resources • Standards for the basic principles of terminology management • Standards for layout and lexicography • Standards for computerized terminology management • Standards for natural language processing applications • Metadata registry for all of the above

  4. Language Codes • ISO 639:1988 Code for the representation of names of languages • ISO 639-2:1998 Code for the representation of names of languages - Part 2: Alpha-3 code • ISO CD 639-3:2003 Code for the representation of names of languages - Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages • ISO NWI 639-4:2003 Code for the representation of names of languages - Part 4: Implementation guidelines and general principles for language coding • ISO NWI 639-5:2003 Code for the representation of names of languages - Part 5: Alpha-3 code for language families and groups • ISO NWI 639-6:2003 Code for the representation of names of languages - Part 6: Alpha-4 code [for dialects]

  5. Core TC 37 Standards • ISO 704:2000 Terminology work - Principles and methods • ISO 860:1996 Terminology work - Harmonization of concepts and terms • ISO 1087-1:2000 Terminology work - Vocabulary - Part 1: Theory and application • ISO 1087-2:2000 Terminology work - Vocabulary - Part 2: Computer applications

  6. Terminological View • Objects • perceived or conceived, concrete or abstract • abstracted or conceptualized into concepts • Concepts • depict or correspond to a set of objects based on a defined set of characteristics • represented or expressed in language by designations or by definitions • organized into concept systems • Designations • represented as terms, names (appellations) or symbols • designate or represent a concept • attributed to a concept by consensus within a special language community

  7. Fundamental Activities • Identifying concepts and concept relations; • Analyzing and modeling concept systems on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations; • Establishing representations of concept systems through concept diagrams; • Crafting concept-oriented definitions; • Attributing designations (predominantly terms) to each concept in one or more languages; and, • Recording and presenting terminological data, principally in terminological entries stored in print and electronic media (terminography).

  8. Frege, Peirce, Ogden & Richards Unit of Thinking (Concept) (Unit of Thought, Unit of Knowledge) Referent (Concrete Object, Real Thing, Conceived Object) Designation (Symbol, Sign, Term, Formula etc.)

  9. A Concept • A mental image used for thinking & communication • Question of psychological primes and prototypes • Conditioned by: • Language & culture • Individual point of view & experience • Time, space • The blind man and the elephant

  10. Properties and characteristics • Property: any quality, attribute, or feature of an object • Characteristic: essential features that determine the identify of the concept associated with the object • The significance of properties varies with: • The object in question, its function • Point of view

  11. Characteristics • Characteristics used for: • Analyzingconcepts • Modelling concept systems • Formulatingdefinitions • Forming designations. • Essential characteristics • Comprise the intension of the concept • Delimiting characteristics • Characteristic that distinguishes the concept from related concepts

  12. Properties vs. Characteristics

  13. Concept Relations • hierarchical relations • superordinate concept + subordinate concepts • generic relations • generic concept + specific concepts • partitive relations • comprehensive concept + partitive concepts

  14. Concept Relations • associative relations Compare: related term

  15. Modeling Concept Systems • Select the concept field, the preliminary designations and concepts to be treated by taking into account the subject field, the user group and its needs. • Analyze the intension and extension of each concept. • Determine the relation and position of these concepts within the concept system. • Formulate and evaluate definitions for the concepts based on the concept relations. • Attribute designations [terms or other forms of representation] to each concept.

  16. Tree Diagram (Generic) plant 1 bush 1.1 flowering plant 1.3 tree 1.2 evergreen 1.2.1 deciduous 1.2.2

  17. Bracket Diagram (Partitive) tree (comprehensive concept) • Limited in its representational scope • Difficult to include details • Not widely accepted in the US • Useful for representing mixed generic / meronymic systems trunk twig bark core crown branch sapwood root (partitive concepts)

  18. Concept Systems & Thesauri

  19. Significant Differences • Principle of term autonomy: although some terms may be identified as preferred or deprecated, there is no assignment of synonyms or related words to a “use/use for” system as in controlled vocabularies. All terms are defined with the same degree of detail. • Terms qualified with respect to term status: • Preferred terms • Admitted terms • Deprecated terms • Obsolete terms

  20. Terminological Entry Concept Term Term Term Term Term Term (All terms associated with a single concept; compare to concept of the synonym ring, + multilingual equivalents.)

  21. Terminological Entry • rattle • Subject Field: snakes • Definition: The tail structure of the poisonous North American genera Crotalus and Sisturuswhich has been modified into a series of horny, loose-fitting structures that produce a buzzing sound when vibrated. • Equivalent terms (other languages) ...

  22. Form of Definitions • Preferably intentional definitions • The statement of a superordinate or broader concept followed by a statement of the essential characteristics making up the intension of the concept, with emphasis on the delimiting characteristic(s) that differentiate that concept from similar concepts • Always defined with reference to a specific subject field

  23. Intensional Definitions plant(superordinate concept; generic concept) A living thing which grows in earth, in water or on other plants. Note: It usually has a stem, leaves, roots and flowers and produces seeds and can make its own food. Trees are plants, but the word is mainly used for those plants which are smaller than trees.  tree (subordinate concept; specific concept)A tall plant which has a wooden trunk and branches that grow from its upper part bush (subordinate concept; specific concept) A plant with many small branches growing either directly from the ground or from a hard woody stem, giving the plant a rounded shape

  24. An Implied Sentence Implied Implied subject: verb (copula): [An account is] a user ID and disk area restricted for the use of a particular person, which is usually password protected. (The definition itself is a predicate. Note: DIN allows for the repetition of the subject within the definition.)

  25. Components of the Definition • Subject (the designation) • The term as an implied subject • Copula • In place of the implied verb “is” • Colon, dash, carriage return • Predicate • Statement of genus & listing of essential and delimiting characteristics

  26. Leveraging ontological information from terminology resources • Using the concept of well-formed definitions to use automatic parsing routines for: • Compilation of intelligent enhanced corpora (marking up intelligent, intranet-bounded corpora) • Information extraction • Terminology mining • Automatically creating draft concept systems • Leveraging back and forth across different kinds of information resources: terminological concept systems, thesauri, taxonomies, and rule-based ontologies

  27. For More Information Sue Ellen WrightInstitute for Applied LinguisticsKent State University109 Satterfield HallKent, Ohio 44242, USAsewright@neo.rr.comsellenwright@gmail.com

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