1. Human C. elegans Drosophila Mouse ~ 24,000 Genes ~ 13,000 Genes ~ 19,000 Genes ~ 24,000 Genes

2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Cloning

3. Transcription Initiation

5. Gene Regulatory Proteins and the DNA Sequences That They Recognize

8. Asymmetric Localization of Ash1 Transcription Factor DIC DAPI Ash1-GFP Ash1 mRNA “Daughter cell” “Mother cell”

13. Developmental Fate

19. Caenorhabditis elegans 959 Somatic cells 1000-2000 Germ cells

20. C. elegans Life Cycle

22. Cleavage Divisions Egg DAPI stained embryo

23. Asymmetric Segregation of “P Granules” Egg Immunostaining of P Ganules

24. Par (Partition) Mutants Wild Type par-1 Mutant P granules DIC

25. 2-cell embryo Plasma Membrane Cytosol

26. Early L3

27. Early L3 Late L3

28. Early L3 Fate Map

29. “Vulva-less Phentoype “Bag of worms” “Bag of embryos”

30. EGF Pathways of Vertebrates

31. “Notch” Receptor

32. 1o VPC (Lin-12) 2o VPC

33. Two-Signal Model of Vulva Development

34. T.ap Cell Development

35. LIN-14 Mutations

36. Lin-14-GFP WT Worms L3 L2 L1 Adult

37. LIN-4 Mutations lin-4(lf) lin-4(gf)

38. RNAi (RNA Interference) Lin-4 RNA Lin-14 mRNA Lin-4 RISC miRNA = micro RNA RISC = RNA-Induced Silencing Complex

39. C. elegans ~ 88 miRNAs ~ 30 miRNAs expressed during larval development Humans ~ 220 miRNAs ~ 2000 “Target” mRNAs Micro RNAs

40. Drosophila melanogaster

41. Dorsal Posterior Anterior Ventral

43. Cleavage in the Drosophila Embryo

45. Embryo A P Larva A P

46. P A 2 hrs. A P 10 hrs.

47. A P A P

49. Genetic Hierarchy in A-P Axis Specification

50. Mutant Phenotypes for Maternal-Effect Genes