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Graciela Malgesini (SP), Letizia Cesarini Sforza (IT); Marija Babovic (RS)

Graciela Malgesini (SP), Letizia Cesarini Sforza (IT); Marija Babovic (RS)

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Graciela Malgesini (SP), Letizia Cesarini Sforza (IT); Marija Babovic (RS)

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  1. Graciela Malgesini (SP), Letizia Cesarini Sforza (IT); MarijaBabovic (RS) With the collaboration of 19 networks: Stanislav Mrozek (CZ), Eleni Karaoli (CY), Jiri Sironnen (FI), Guy Janvier (FR), Dina Vardaramatou (GR), Johanna László (HU), Tess Murphy (IE), LaufeyÓlafsdóttir (IS) RimgaliléMatulionyté (LT), Robert Urbe (LU), Maja Staleska and BiljanaDukovska (MK), Sonja Leemkuil (NE), Eva Karlsen (NO), Paula Cruz (PT), Andreea Braga (RO), GunviHaagren (SE), Katherine Duffy, Clare Caves and Nazek Ramadan (UK). TOTAL OF 22 NETWORKS

  2. This paper presents definitions, prevalence, characteristics, consequences of different forms of gender-based violence against women (VAW). Its main focus is on intimate-partner violence against women, which is the most prevalent form of violence against them globally, with far-reaching consequences to their living standard and overall wellbeing. The second focus is on trafficking and exploitation of women; in these conditions poor women from the less developed women are particularly vulnerable. Within these two, sexual violence and harassment are considered. Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. Female genital mutilation is another form of violence against women and girls, according to UN. FGM includes procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Beyond extreme physical and psychological pain, the practice carries many health risks, including death. Another form is Child Marriage, which usually means an end to girl’s education, vocation and her right to make life choices. Research confirms that girls who marry in childhood are at greater risk for intimate partner violence than girls of the same age who marry later. These two forms are particularly significant in some Member States, and sometimes in concrete ethnic or cultural groups.

  3. TheUnitedNationsDeclarationontheElimination of ViolenceagainstWomen (Article 1) statesthat ‘violenceagainstwomenmeansanyact of gender-basedviolencethatresults in, orislikely to result in, physical, sexual orpsychologicalharmorsuffering to women, includingthreats of suchacts, coercionorarbitrarydeprivation of liberty, whetheroccurring in publicor in privatelife.'

  4. Poverty can be boththe cause and theconsequence of violenceagainstwomen.

  5. Violenceagainstwomengeneratescostsforthesociety as a whole. Causes of violence are ofteninterrelated, withpoverty, economicdependency, and being in anunequal position to menfacilitatingviolenceagainstwomen.

  6. The European Union has issued two Directives on trafficking in human beings, the Council Directive 20004/81/EC of 29th April 2004 and the EU Directive Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims (Directive 2011/36/EU). The Directives recommend to the Member States to adopt a wider definition of Trafficking, including forced begging and exploitation for illegal activities. The number of unreported cases is particularly high in this area, and while it is assumed that high profits are made here, convictions are rare.

  7. We need to lobby in favour of the full implementation of the Istanbul Convention as key part of our work in favour of social cohesion, against discrimination, violence and poverty; this involves the three relevant “ps”, plus the empowerment of women and partnership with civil society organizations.

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