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基因转移 与 基因治疗 复旦大学 遗传学研究所 薛京伦 2003 , 10

基因转移 与 基因治疗 复旦大学 遗传学研究所 薛京伦 2003 , 10. 基因:染色体上的 DNA 片段,是 遗传信息结构和功能的基本单位。 基因 决定 生老病死 控制 高矮胖瘦 影响 喜怒哀乐 基因组:某一生物的细胞中所带有的全部遗传信息。. 基因与疾病 基因与人类的疾病密切相关: 遗传病是由于基因先天缺陷所致 ; 肿瘤的发生涉及多种基因改变 , 包括癌基因激活或抑癌基因失活 ; 高血压 , 糖尿病等多基因病也涉及到多种基因的改变 ;

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基因转移 与 基因治疗 复旦大学 遗传学研究所 薛京伦 2003 , 10

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  1. 基因转移 与 基因治疗 复旦大学 遗传学研究所 薛京伦 2003,10

  2. 基因:染色体上的DNA片段,是遗传信息结构和功能的基本单位。基因:染色体上的DNA片段,是遗传信息结构和功能的基本单位。 基因 决定 生老病死 控制 高矮胖瘦 影响 喜怒哀乐 基因组:某一生物的细胞中所带有的全部遗传信息。

  3. 基因与疾病 • 基因与人类的疾病密切相关: • 遗传病是由于基因先天缺陷所致; • 肿瘤的发生涉及多种基因改变, 包括癌基因激活或抑癌基因失活; • 高血压, 糖尿病等多基因病也涉及到多种基因的改变; • 由病原体所致的传染病也和人体基因密切相关, 存在易感人群和耐受人群.

  4. 一、基因治疗概念基因治疗(Gene Therapy) 指将正常基因或有治疗作用的基因通过一定方式导入靶细胞,纠正基因的缺陷或者发挥治疗作用,从而达到治疗疾病目的的生物医学高技术。

  5. The application of genetic principles in the treatment of human disease • By introduction of geneticmaterial into target cells in order to counteract the effect of a disease gene or introduce a new function • Somatic and Germline approaches possible

  6. 基因治疗的必要条件 • Understanding of the disease process • Structure/function of gene to be introduced • Efficient delivery of gene control of gene expression • Prevention/control of immune responses • Animal model and assessment of function • Clinical trial

  7. 研究基因治疗的三个基本步骤寻找适当的靶细胞导入目的基因基因表达研究基因治疗的三个基本步骤寻找适当的靶细胞导入目的基因基因表达

  8. 体细胞基因治疗始终需要考虑的问题基因转移的效率治疗的特异性基因表达的持久性及其调节治疗的毒副作用 什么疾病 什么基因 什么载体 什么靶器官和靶细胞 什么基因导入方法

  9. 体细胞基因治疗 将基因作为一种特殊“药物”,通过体细胞基因转移治疗疾病 慢性治疗 急性治疗 预防 遗传性疾病 获得性疾病 功能丧失 功能获得

  10. 二、基因治疗和传统的基因工程的区别 二者都着眼于寻找可治病或有其他应用价值的“目的基因”。 基因工程: 目的基因——载体——导入大肠杆菌、酵母和哺乳动物细胞——体外表达所需要的蛋白——经过分离纯化获得能用于治疗或其他用途的蛋白纯品, 最终是制造出一种蛋白类的药物。

  11. 基因治疗——目的基因——载体——导入人体,目的基因在人体内的细胞中制造所需要的蛋白——达到治病的目的。基因治疗——目的基因——载体——导入人体,目的基因在人体内的细胞中制造所需要的蛋白——达到治病的目的。 基因治疗在技术上一旦成功, 其优势:①制品为基因及其载体,非基因表达蛋白产物,不需复杂的蛋白产物分离和纯化工艺②生产成本远远低于基因工程产品③从理论上讲,凡能治病的基因,都有可能开发成为“药物” ④半衰期

  12. 但基因治疗难度高,技术要求极为苛刻。例如,针对各种疾病,必须具有能够达到治病目的的基因。在此基础上,还必须具有能有效地将基因导入人体的载体系统,这种系统要求高效,而且能定向地导入人体某种细胞。基因导入人体后,必须能够控制它的表达。但基因治疗难度高,技术要求极为苛刻。例如,针对各种疾病,必须具有能够达到治病目的的基因。在此基础上,还必须具有能有效地将基因导入人体的载体系统,这种系统要求高效,而且能定向地导入人体某种细胞。基因导入人体后,必须能够控制它的表达。

  13. 因此,基因治疗是生物高技术的高度集成,是遗传学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、分子病毒学等多种学科知识和技术的高度综合。因此,基因治疗是生物高技术的高度集成,是遗传学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、分子病毒学等多种学科知识和技术的高度综合。

  14. 三、基因治疗的主要策略 • Gene replacement • Gene augmentation therapy (GAT) • Gene correction (Chimeraplasty) • Targeted killing of specific cells • Targeted inhibition of gene expression (Gene ablation)

  15. Gene replacement: Deficient gene corrected by replacing the mutated allele with an intact allele; used for the treatment of autosomal dominant disorders. The strategies are as follows: a) kockout mutation by single crossing-over (insertional inactivation) b) gene replacement by double (reciprocal) crossing-overc) target gene inhibition in dominant negative genetic disorders; usually mutated proteins which interact with normal cellular proteins to create altered properties; mutational inactivation of the one mutated copy will alleviate this mutant phenotype ; the mutation can be carried out by insertional inactivation, or antisense technology.

  16. Gene Augmentation Therapy (GAT) • For diseases caused by loss of gene function • more copies of normal gene • raise levels of gene product • restore normal phenotype • Apply to: monogenic recessive diseases cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, muscular dystrophy

  17. Gene Correction - Chimeraplasty

  18. Targeted Killing – • Genetic Pro-drug Activation Therapy tumour cell viral vector ganciclovir thymidine kinase gene tk ganciclovir phosphate

  19. Targeted inhibition of gene expression • Ribozymes • -can cleave (or repair) mRNA • Triple helix oligonucleotides • -block gene transcription • Antisense oligos • -block mRNA translation

  20. All gene therapy strategies depend on getting the gene or genetic material into the target cells!!!

  21. 四、基因转移的主要方法:若干相关术语:Transfection 转染:过去:将病毒DNA或RNA 转入细胞。 现在:将外源DNA转入动物细胞。DNA Transfer 转移:基因导入或转移广义的概念。Transduction 转导:噬菌体介导的细菌之间的基 因 转移。Transformation 转化:将裸DNA或质粒导入原核 和真核细胞。

  22. Two main routes of gene transfer: In vivo: i.v. or i.m. injectable; or non-invasive (eg “sniffable”) Ex vivo: hepatocytes, skin fibroblasts haematopoietic cells “bioreactors”

  23. V THREE classes of anatomical gene delivery Ex-vivo In-vivo topical delivery In-vivo systemic delivery Examples: - bone marrow - liver cells - skin cells Examples: - brain - muscle - eye - joints - tumors Examples: - intravenous - intra-arterial - intra-peritoneal a a a a a a

  24. 基因治疗过程中的基因转移方法Viral vectorsNon-viral vectorsPhysical methods目前最有效的是病毒载体,但存在插入大小有限、免疫原性强和生产难等局限

  25. 1、病毒载体类型 • 反转录病毒(RV)载体 • 腺病毒(AV)载体 • 腺相关病毒(AAV)载体 • 单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)载体 • 慢病毒(lentivirus)载体等

  26. 对载体的基本要求: • 特异并有效的基因转移 • 特异、高效、持续性表达,具有可控性 • 免疫原性低 • 易于生产

  27. 载体特征: reproducibility stable propagated purified to high titers mediated targeted delivery

  28. Advantage and disadvantage of gene-transfer vector(1)Vector Advantage DisadvantageAV Very high transfection ex vivo repeat dosing ineffective owing to & in vivo strong immune response Transfects proliferating & non- Insert-size limit 0f 7.5kb proliferating cells , substantial manufacture, storage, QC are clinical experience acquired moderately difficult efficient retargeted transfction shout duration of expressionRV fairly prolonged expression lower transfection efficiency in vivo high transfection efficiency ex vivo insert-size limit of 8kb substantial clinical experience ex vivo transfect only proliferating cells,safty low immunogenicity concern of insertional mutagenesisLentivirus transfects proliferating & non- safety concern from immunodeficiency proliferating , haematopoietic virus origins, manufacturing, storage, stem cells QC are extremely difficult, insert-size limit of 8kb, no clinical experienceAAV efficiently transfects a wide variety insert-size limits 4.5kb 0f cells in vivo, very prolonged manufacture, QC are very difficult expression in vivo little clinical experience, safety concern low immunogenicity of insertional mutagenesis, repeat dosing affectedly by neutralizing antibody responses

  29. 基因治疗病毒载体比较 RV AV AAV HSV LV 基因组成 ssRNA dsDNA ssDNA dsDNA dsRNA 基因组长度 10kb 36kb 5kb 152kb 10kb 装载容量 <8kb 8kb 4.5kb 30kb 9kb 病毒滴度 1071011108108 108 感染细胞谱 窄 宽 宽 窄 宽 感染能力 中 很强 强 强 中 整合能力 有 无 有 无 强 毒性作用 遗传毒 细胞毒 遗传毒 细胞毒 遗传毒 免疫原性 弱 中等 弱 强 弱

  30. Advantage and disadvantage of gene-transfer vector(2)Vector Advantage DisadvantageNaked DNA manufacturing, storage, QC very short duration of expression in are simple and cheap, very most tissues, very ineffecient low immunogenicity, clinical transfection ex vivo and in vivo limb ischaemia, good safety retargeting transfection very profile difficultCationic lipids relative simple manufacturing , inefficient transfection in vivo storage ,QC efficient transfection very short duration of expression ex vivo , low immunogenicity little clinical experience condensed relative simple manufacturing , inefficient transfection in vivoDNA particles storage, QC . Efficient trancfection very short duration of expression ex vivo, low immunogenicity now clinic experience good safety profile retargeted transfection demostraded

  31. Transfection versus Infection Transfection exposed to 106 particles/cell 12 hours Infection exposed to 1 particle/cell 30 min • virally mediated gene transfer is millions of times more efficent than nonviral transfer (when calculated in terms of transfer/particle) a a a a a a

  32. Vector used in gene therapy Type approximate integration duration of insert-size capacity persistence Nucleic-acid based Oligonucleotides: Decoys, antisense, Ribozomes, siRNA 10-100 kb no hours-days Expression plasmids 2-10kb extremely rare days Transposons 2-10kb efficient stable relative random Bacteriohage integrase 2-10kb efficient ,site restricted stable Artificial chromosome 50-300kb episomal +/- stable Virus based RV 2-6 kb efficient stable relative random Lentiviral 2-10kb efficient stable relative random AAV 2-5kb rare months-years AV 2-30kb NO weeks-months Herpes virus 2-40kb episomal moths-years EB virus 2-40kb episomal moths-years SV40 1-5kb moderate unproven

  33. 腺病毒载体:双链DNA,在基因转移中的应用相当广泛。其优点是易制备、高滴度、宿主广、能感染非增殖细胞,低毒,不整合入机体细胞染色体,容量达36kb,但免疫原性强,表达时间短。腺病毒载体:双链DNA,在基因转移中的应用相当广泛。其优点是易制备、高滴度、宿主广、能感染非增殖细胞,低毒,不整合入机体细胞染色体,容量达36kb,但免疫原性强,表达时间短。

  34. 改进的腺病毒载体 1. 早期AV E1+E3区 缺失的有限性 2. E2, E4区的置换: Wilson 报道: 温度敏感E2突变AV降低免疫性, 表达延长; 未根本解决; 制备293/E2A, 293/E4细胞;相应载体; 扩大容量; 降低毒性和免疫性; 效果有限; 滴度下降. 293T细胞: 转染SV40大T 抗原

  35. 降低腺病毒免疫原性 • 腺病毒载体插入B7反义基因, 阻断共刺激途径; • 腺病毒载体插入ICAM-1反义基因, 阻断粘附因子作用. • 腺病毒载体插入CTLA4 基因, 胞内结合B7. • 腺病毒载体插入MHC-I,II基因的调控基因反义片段.

  36. 增强腺病毒的感染效率 • 腺病毒与葡聚糖, 聚凝胺, 多聚赖氨酸,脂质体混合感染细胞,组织, 提高感染效率10-100倍, 降低炎症反应 . • 重组腺病毒感染前, 进行腺病毒封闭 • 不同亚型腺病毒互换应用.

  37. Efficiency +++ Specificity Persistence Toxicity ++ Recombinant Adenoviruses Approaches Generation I Generation III Hybrid adenos: Adeno-RV Adeno-AAV Adeno-Transposase Advantages / Limitations 8 Kb capacity Generation I >30 Kb capacity Generation IIIAdeno can be grown at very high titers,However Do not integrate Can contain RCAs Are toxic /immunogenic Examples OTC deficiency (clin, ---) Cystic Fibrosis (clin, --- ) Oncolytic viruses (clin, +++) a a a a a a

  38. 腺病毒载体研究进展与展望 进展 展望 Ad载体用于治疗性的angiogenesis 降低毒性的方法将继续获得进展, 取得进展 最终将提供安全的Ad载体系统. Ad引起的毒性问题得到进一步认识 靶向方法的应用将进一步改进. 提高Ad载体的靶向性,改善疗效 缺陷型的Ad载体生产将不断进展. 新一代Ad载体能降低毒性,改善表达 将面临再次注射的挑战

  39. 反转录病毒载体基因转移系统 辅助细胞:将含有病毒结构基因但缺失了顺式包装信号的缺陷型反转录病毒导入哺乳动物细胞(ψ—2 ,PA317,ψCRIP)。可产生病毒包装蛋白但不产生病毒颗粒; 反转录病毒载体:以外源目的基因替换病毒结构基因,含病毒包装信号 辅助细胞提供载体包装蛋白,使后者产生含外源目的基因的病毒颗粒

  40. 缺陷型的反转录病毒颗粒的RNA进入靶细胞后,变成前病毒并整合到宿主细胞的染色体上,可稳定表达外源基因。缺陷型的反转录病毒颗粒的RNA进入靶细胞后,变成前病毒并整合到宿主细胞的染色体上,可稳定表达外源基因。 • 反转录病毒只能感染处于增殖期的细胞。

  41. Efficiency Specificity Persistence Toxicity Recombinant Retroviruses (includes HIV-based) Advantages / Limitations 9 Kb capacity + integration through transposition also in quiescent cells (HIV), permit in principle long-term treatments, however disturbed by: Insertional mutagenesis Gene silencing High mutation rate Low titer of production Examples SCID (IL2R defect, Paris) (clin, +++) Adenosine Deaminase deficiency (clin, +++!!!) Parkinson (preclin, +++) Anti cancer (clin +/-) Approaches Murine Retroviruses VSV-pseudotyped RV Lentiviruses Self-inactivating RV Combination viruses a a a a a a

  42. 反转录病毒安全性问题 • 病毒感染的可能性 • 病毒在靶细胞基因组整合可导致: • 破坏细胞正常生长必需的抑癌基因 • LTR激活原癌基因 • 染色体重排激活原癌基因

  43. 腺相关病毒(AAV) 载体:4.7kb单链DNA,结构为 ITR-rep-cap-ITR ,病毒基因组简单,易于消除,可降低细胞毒性和T-淋巴细胞反应的危险性;病毒DNA可在人19号染色体上进行位点特异性整合,需要辅助因子出现才复制;其Rep蛋白可能介导这种定向整合宿主范围宽,易感染造血干细胞,能潜伏感染非分裂期细胞;在动物模型中表达可持续半年以上。 但AAV载体接纳的外源DNA小于4.5kb,载体整合效率较低,制备困难

  44. Efficiency Specificity Persistence Toxicity Recombinant adeno-associated-virus (AAV) Advantages / Limitations Persistence in the genome permits long-term expression, high titers are easily obtained, immunogenicity is very low, However Small capacity (<4.5 kb) which does not allow to accommodate large genes or gene clusters. Examples Hemophilia B (clin, animal, +++) Gaucher (clin, animal, +++) Brain Ischemia (animal, +++) Cystic fibrosis (animal, +/-) Approaches Helper-dependent production Helper independent production Cis-complementing vectors Co-infection a a a a a a

  45. Lentivirus(慢病毒载体) 优点: 感染非分裂细胞 ,有RV优势 结构: LTR- gag- pol -- env--LTR TAR tat, rev, tev 应用: 宿主广泛; 艾滋病基因治疗 问题: 安全性

  46. HSV病毒 • 双链DNA, 包括: HSV-1, 2, VZV, EB, CMV. • 主要以HSV-1型为主.HSV载体含包装信号, 复制位点等顺序结构, HSV病毒启动子,目的基因表达框架. 由辅助病毒共转染辅助细胞M64A, 制备重组病毒. • 辅助病毒的改造: IE3 温度敏感突变型; • 缺失突变型: IE3缺失; • 应用: 感染心肌细胞, 神经元, 神经胶质细胞. • VEGF---血管形成; 脑肿瘤; 帕金森病

  47. Recap: current limitations of popular vectors • Adenovirus • - no persistence • - limited packaging • toxicity, • immunogenicity Biolistic bombardmentor local direct injection - limited area Electroporation - limited organ access Retrovirus (incl. HIV) - limited packaging - random insertion - unstable genome Liposomes, gene correction & Co. - very inefficient transfer General - low transfer efficiency - no or little genomic integration General - antibody response - limited packaging - gene silencing Solutions: - improved liposomes with viral properties (“Virosomes”) Solutions: - synthetic viruses (“Virosomes”) a a a a a a

  48. 非病毒载体除了基因转移的效率比较低以外,比病毒载体具有更多的优越性,将来会有viral-like, but artificial vectors.

  49. Pharmacological considerations • for DNA transfer • Classical drug • MW 50- 500 Daltons • Synthetically prepared • Rapid diffusion/action • Oral delivery possible • Cellular delivery: - act at cell surface - permeate cell membrane - imported through channels • Can be delivered as soluble molecules • Ångstrom/nm size • rapidly reversible treatment

  50. Protein drug • Mw 20,000- 100,000 Da • Biologically prepared • Slower diffusion/action • Oral delivery not possible • Cellular delivery - act extracellularlyCan be delivered as soluble molecules • nm size • rapidly reversible treatment

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